心理學(xué)定性研究歸納法-中英對照

定性研究成為了歸納法（發(fā)現(xiàn)并發(fā)展理論）而不是演繹法（從已有理論中推到證明假設(shè)）的理想方案。（Corrie和Zaklukiewicz,1978；Martin和Turner，1986）。Wiseman將這個過程比作“一個沒有懸念的偵探故事”。（1978.p.113）。定性研究的部分過程，據(jù)描寫此話題大部分作者寫道，是向現(xiàn)有的理論靠攏，但這個步驟應(yīng)該是在研究末期實施，當(dāng)大部分的分析工作已經(jīng)完成，主概念也已經(jīng)形成的情況下，。（B. Turner,1981;Strauss,1987）。
定性研究該如何實施呢？由于篇幅有限，這個只能做個簡單的介紹。每隔案例都有很多種的定性研究（Good和Walts,1989）。這里我們討論的重點是扎根理論分析和與定向研究的關(guān)聯(lián)。讀者可閱讀Wiseman(1978)和Corrie和Zaklukiewicz ,（1978）所著章節(jié)B. Turner.（1981，1986）和Martin和Turner合寫的論文或是Strauuss所著書籍獲得更多信息。里面關(guān)于定性實驗主要步驟大同小異，如圖表12所示。
很多研究者強調(diào)數(shù)據(jù)的多源性：半成型或雜亂的訪問，參與者調(diào)查，旁觀者調(diào)查，案例資料，記錄或是其他文件。實踐中很難找到多重來源的數(shù)據(jù)，盡管半成型的訪問或調(diào)查常用于生產(chǎn)公司（B. Turner所舉的例子，1983）或醫(yī)院（Strauuss1987討論過多例）這樣的環(huán)境下。大多數(shù)的定性研究只采用訪問法（Wiseman1978），那一例是采用了政府對大型事故的記錄材料（威爾士南部阿伯凡的煤礦坍塌壓毀學(xué)校的事故）。
當(dāng)采用訪問法時，一些定性研究員們傾向使用訪問的全程錄音材料作為分析材料，也有一些傾向于是用錄音還有一些喜歡是用訪問或調(diào)查后的訪問筆記（Corrie和Zaklukiewicz,1978）。本書作者使用了后種方法。盡管有些信息肯定會流失掉，但當(dāng)時速記后期補成詳細筆記（24小時內(nèi)完成），會包括一些引語，而且會比需要的材料多出更多細節(jié)。Strauss（1987）也說過，錄音是沒有必要的，除非分析是建立在口頭或非口頭動作的詳實記錄之上。
訪問中的問題，所做的調(diào)查內(nèi)容，當(dāng)然是由實驗前的目標所決定的，但在實驗早期，詢問的問題盡量以開放型問題為主。這么做不僅是為了鼓勵多樣答案，也是為了鼓勵之前未設(shè)定的新問題的提出。盡管定型試驗早期這種無條理性的雜亂的方式使那些一直使用量性研究的人—包括我們中的大部分—感覺很不自在，但是這是很重要的一步，如果理論分析是牢牢架構(gòu)在實際收集的數(shù)據(jù)之上。（所以，扎根理論由Glaser和Strauss1967發(fā)明，1987年被Strauss引用）。這個過程中對那些不常用它的人來說，最陌生的一方面是分析方法一度向下，后期數(shù)據(jù)采集由早期分析決定“數(shù)據(jù)收集和分析的連續(xù)相互交替是定性研究的核心部分…”沒有任何一種方法中的相互關(guān)聯(lián)有這種方法這么明顯。（Wiseman，1978，P.113）
Qualitative research induction (discovery and development theory) is ideal solution rather than a deductive method (from existing theory to prove the hypothesis) . (Corrie and Zaklukiewicz, 1978; Martin and Turner, 1986). Wiseman compare the process to a "no suspense of detective story". (1978, p. 1978). Qualitative research is part of the process, according to the description of the topic most of the authors write, and is close to the existing theory, but this step should be at the end of the implementation of study. When most of the analysis work has been completed, the main concept has been formed as well. (b. Turner, 1981; Strauss, 1987).
How to implement qualitative research? Due to the limited space, this can only do a simple introduction. Every case has many kinds of qualitative research (Good and Walts, 1989). Here we are talking about the importance of grounded theory analysis and connection and orientation research. Readers can read Wiseman (1978) and Corrie and Zaklukiewicz, (1978) by section b. Turner, 1981198 (6) and Martin and Turner published papers or Strauuss written books for more information. About qualitative experiment main steps, as shown in chart 12.
Many researchers emphasize data source sex: the more messy access or half molding, participants, onlookers investigation, case information, records or other documents. In the practice of multiple sources of data, it is hard to find though half-formed access or investigation is often used in the production of the company (b. Turner, for example, 1983) or hospital (Strauuss1987 discuss too much) such an environment. Most of the qualitative study only access method (Wiseman1978), the case is to use the government's record of major accident materials (south wales abreu crushing coal mine collapse of school accident).
When the access method is adopted, some qualitative researchers tend to use to access the recording materials as the analysis of material all the way, there are also some tend to use the recording and some like to visit or survey after the visit is to use notes (Corrie and Zaklukiewicz, 1978). After the author used the method. Although some of this information would be lost, but at the time of shorthand late filling into detailed notes (24 hours), will include some of the quotations, and will make more than the ratio of the material need more details. Strauss (1987) also said that the tape is not necessary, unless the analysis is based on the detailed record of verbal or nonverbal actions.
Survey of the problems in the access, content of course is determined by the experiment in front of the goal, but in the early experiments, asking questions is given priority to with open questions as far as possible. To do so is not only to encourage diverse answers, but also to encourage before has not set the new problem is put forward. Although early type test the untidiness of mixed and disorderly way to make those who have been the study of usage, including most of us, the feeling is very uncomfortable, but it is very important step, if the theoretical analysis is firmly architecture on the actual data collected. (so, grounded theory invented by Glaser and Strauss1967, 1987 by Strauss references). The process for those who are not commonly used it, the most strange once downward on the one hand is to analyze the method, the late data collection is determined by the early analysis "data collection and analysis of continuous alternating is the core part of qualitative research..." Without any kind of method of correlation in this method is so obvious. (Wiseman, 1978, P. 1978)

2014.8.25