定語(yǔ)從句譯法
定語(yǔ)從句是歷次試題翻譯部分必涉及到的。而且,還經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)多重定語(yǔ)從句,一層修飾一層。
例如:
Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we
must be sure that the scale which we are comparing our subjects
provides a "valid" of "fair" comparison.
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】句中with which we are comparing our subjects 是定語(yǔ)從句,修飾限定the
scale?勺g為:"在對(duì)我們的對(duì)象進(jìn)行比較時(shí),我們所使用的…"
【參考譯文】既然對(duì)智力的評(píng)估是比較而言的事,那么我們必須確保,在對(duì)我們的對(duì)象進(jìn)行比較時(shí),我們所使用的尺度能提供"有效的"或"公平的"比較。
It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as
only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social
science historians who equate their activity with specific
techniques.
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】從機(jī)構(gòu)上看,這是一個(gè)主句帶兩個(gè)由who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。盡管結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、信息量大,但還是條理清晰的,因?yàn)榫渥咏Y(jié)構(gòu)環(huán)環(huán)相扣:前面who從句限定social
science historians。這個(gè)句子可以改寫成:It applies equally to traditional
historians and to social science historians. Traditional historians
(or the former) view history as only the external and internal
criticism of sources. Social science historians (or the latter)
equate their activity with specific techniques.
這樣表達(dá)的意思完全一樣,但表達(dá)方式卻很平淡、羅索。而從漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣來(lái)說(shuō),句子的修飾成分過(guò)多或過(guò)長(zhǎng)往往會(huì)造成喧賓奪主、語(yǔ)言含混。如本句可照字面直譯。
【參考直譯】它同樣適用將歷史僅僅看作是對(duì)歷史材料來(lái)源的內(nèi)部的和外部的批評(píng)的傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家,和把歷史研究活動(dòng)等同于具體研究方法的社會(huì)科學(xué)歷史學(xué)家。
這樣的譯文較忠實(shí)于原文,但讀者看起來(lái)卻很費(fèi)勁。我們可以按漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣表達(dá)調(diào)整為:
【參考譯文】它同樣適用于傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家和社會(huì)科學(xué)歷史學(xué),傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)家(或前者)將歷史僅僅看作是對(duì)歷史材料來(lái)源的內(nèi)部的和外部的批評(píng);社會(huì)科學(xué)家歷史學(xué)(或后者)把歷史研究活動(dòng)等同于具體的研究方法。
Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day
had occasion to
set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind,
though differing in
degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the
causes of natural
phenomena.
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】本句結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜。句中who has… had occasion to set in motion a complex
train of reasoning 限定前面的one;而 in the course of the day (一整天)是插入語(yǔ),set
in motion a complex train of reasoning 有是倒裝的,順過(guò)來(lái)應(yīng)該是set a complex
train of reasoning in motion; 后面of the very same kind
是后置定語(yǔ),修飾reasoning;而the…same 又與后面的as that 從句中的as連接,其中,that是替代詞,指代前面的a
complex train of reasoning (思考活動(dòng));which
引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾限定前面的替代詞that;句中的though differing in degree是插入語(yǔ),其中degree
是指"(思想活動(dòng))復(fù)雜程度"。
【參考譯文】大概這里不會(huì)有人一整天都沒有機(jī)會(huì)進(jìn)行一連串復(fù)雜的思考活動(dòng),這些思考活動(dòng)與科學(xué)家在探索自然現(xiàn)象原因時(shí)所經(jīng)歷的思考活動(dòng),盡管復(fù)雜程度不同,但在類型上是完全一樣的。
"In short", a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific
revolution, as we call
it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of
instruments that
expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions."
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句限定前面的三個(gè)名詞:improvement, invention 和use。特別要注意,of a
series of instruments 是后置定語(yǔ),不僅僅限定use,還要管到improvement和invention。As we
call it 是插入語(yǔ)。
【參考譯文】新學(xué)派的一位領(lǐng)袖人物堅(jiān)持說(shuō):"簡(jiǎn)言之,我們所稱之的科學(xué)革命,主要是指一系列器具的改進(jìn),發(fā)明和使用,這些改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用使科學(xué)發(fā)展的范圍無(wú)所不及。
In office, figures, lists and information are compiled which tell
the managers or heads of the business what is happening in their
shops or factories.
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】which指代前面的先行詞figures, lists and
information?梢詫⑦@個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句改譯成結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句,譯為"以便……."。
【參考譯文】在辦公室里,工作人員將各種數(shù)據(jù)、表格和信息加以匯編,以便讓經(jīng)理或主管人員了解他們的商店或工廠目前正在發(fā)生的情況。
It was not until sixty years ago that a method of extracting
aluminum ore was found
which could lead to a cheap large-scale process.
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】這是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型,其中,which引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句,which指代前面的a method of extracting
aluminum ore was found 這件事。也可以把這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句譯為結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。
【參考譯文】直到六十年前人們才找到并采鋁礦的方法,從而使低成本、大規(guī)模冶煉金屬鋁成為可能。
譯路通武漢漢口翻譯公司整理
2012.5.28