長難句分析與翻譯十大基本功 《第二章 補(bǔ)足語》
補(bǔ)足語是英語語法中一個(gè)較復(fù)雜的語言現(xiàn)象，它表示了動(dòng)詞通過一定媒介與各詞類之間的關(guān)系，如：動(dòng)詞與動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)詞與分詞、動(dòng)詞與名詞、動(dòng)詞與形容詞、動(dòng)詞與介詞、動(dòng)詞與副詞的關(guān)系。在閱讀中補(bǔ)足語出現(xiàn)的頻率也很高，是閱讀中難點(diǎn)之一。
(1)賓語補(bǔ)足語與主語補(bǔ)足語。
在英語中，某些及物動(dòng)詞不僅需要賓語，而且還要求某個(gè)詞或詞組來補(bǔ)充說明賓語，即表示賓語代表的人或物所發(fā)出的動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài)，這個(gè)詞或短語稱為賓語補(bǔ)足語。有些語法書把賓語和補(bǔ)足語稱為復(fù)合賓語。把帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)，則原來的賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語就相應(yīng)變?yōu)橹髡Z和主語補(bǔ)足語。例如：
I ask you to answer the question．(to answer the
question說明賓語you，不定式為賓語補(bǔ)足語。)
You are asked to answer the question．(to answer the
question說明主語you，不定式為主語補(bǔ)足語。)
(2)動(dòng)詞不定式作補(bǔ)足語。
1)帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式：這類動(dòng)詞有：advise，allow，ask，cause，compel，consider，en-
able，encourage，expect，force，get，leave，order，permit，persuade，promise，request，re-
quire，teach，tell，want，warn，wish，consider，believe，feel，find，image，know，say，suppose，think，report等用于被動(dòng)態(tài)。seen，appear，happen，prove用于主動(dòng)態(tài)。
這類詞可構(gòu)成以下結(jié)構(gòu)：
．be+-ed牛to be+名詞
．be+-ed+to be+形容詞
．be+-ed+to be+分詞
．be+-ed+to be+介詞短語
2)不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式：表示視覺、聽覺和感覺的動(dòng)詞，如：see，watch，find，observe，notice，hear，listen
to，feel，此外還有l(wèi)et，have，make。這種動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，還要帶to。
上述的視覺、聽覺和感覺動(dòng)詞，外加smell和see可用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
(3)名詞作補(bǔ)足語。
這類動(dòng)名詞有：call，name，elect，appoint，nominate，christen，crown等，。
(4)由朋引出的名詞作補(bǔ)足語。
這類動(dòng)詞有：accept，classify，consider，define，describe，know，refer
to，regard，state，take等。
(5)介詞短語作補(bǔ)足語。
這類動(dòng)詞有：get，keep，make，protect，stop，set，prevent，free，put等。
補(bǔ)足語在句中分析與翻譯的實(shí)例
1. A volt is the amount of electrical pressure required to cause a
flow of 1 ampere of electricity through a conductor that has 1 ohm
of resistance.
使1安培電流通過具有1歐姆電阻的導(dǎo)體所需的電壓量稱為1伏特。 (to
cause．．．through．．，“使……通過……”。介詞短語through．。．resistance是賓語flow的補(bǔ)足語。)
2. Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this
field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the
lungs and cancer of the throad.
這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的大多數(shù)科學(xué)工作者認(rèn)為，抽煙是造成肺癌和喉癌的一個(gè)重要因素。 (to be an important
factor．．．是主語smoking的補(bǔ)足語。)
3. It is to be emphasized that a source of electricity current is
simply a device for causing electricity to move around a circuit.
必須著重指出，電源只不過是使電流沿著電路流動(dòng)的一種裝置。 (it是形式主語，代替that引出的主語從句。不定式短語to
move．．．是賓語electricity的補(bǔ)足語。)
4. Anyone who has seen a great locomotive pulling a long train
realizes that heat can do work, for it is the heat from burning fuel
that makes the locomotive run.
任何人在看到巨大的火車頭牽引著一長列火車時(shí)，都會(huì)認(rèn)識(shí)到是熱能做功，因?yàn)檎沁@種從燃燒的燃料中所產(chǎn)生的熱能使火車頭運(yùn)動(dòng)。(pulling．．．和run是locomotive的補(bǔ)足語。)
5. The cost of photovoltaic electricity could drop enough to make
solar cells competitive with conventional sources of electrical
power by the mid-1990s.
到90年代中期，光電電力的成本將下降到足以使太陽能電池可與一般的電源相競爭的程度(competitive．．．power是賓語solar
cells的補(bǔ)足語。)
6. The author enumerates some of the factors which make it difficult
for the sociologist to
conduct experiments in the same way as his colleagues in the
physical sciences.
作者列舉了某些主要原因，使社會(huì)科學(xué)家難于像他的自然科學(xué)家同事那樣以同樣的方式進(jìn)行科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)。(difficult是形式賓語it的補(bǔ)足語，it代替帶有邏輯主體的不定式短語for．．．to
conduct．．．)
7. We might thus define chemical changes as those that result in the
formation of new sub-
stances and involve changes in the composition of the substance.
因而我們可以把能引起新物質(zhì)的形成并能引起物質(zhì)成分改變的那種變化定義為化學(xué)變化。(define
sth．．．a(chǎn)s．．，“把……定義為”。as those．．．為changes的賓語補(bǔ)足語。)
8. Materials such as uranium and titanium do not exist in large
quantities but they possess unusual properties which make them
essential for certain highly specialized uses.
鈾和鈦這樣一類材料并不大量存在，但它們具有非凡的特性，這使得它們成為某些特殊用途所不可缺少的材料。(essential
for．．．uses是賓語them的補(bǔ)足語。them代替Materials。)
9. Not only can temperature and light affect the conductivity, but
also the addition of impurities to semiconductors will make it
change greatly.
不僅溫度和光能夠影響其導(dǎo)電性，而且半導(dǎo)體中加一些雜質(zhì)也會(huì)使導(dǎo)電性發(fā)生很大變化。(change是不帶to的不定式作賓語it的補(bǔ)足語，訌代替the
conductivity。)
10. The falling of an apple to the ground set Newton wondering why
it moved towards the earth, and not upwards into the sky.
蘋果落到地上使牛頓感到奇怪，為什么蘋果向著地球運(yùn)動(dòng)而不飛向天空呢? (wondering ．．．sky是賓語Newton的補(bǔ)足語。)
11. Scientists probing further and further into the secrets of
nature find magnetism to be important everywhere, whether it be
within the extremely small nucleus of an atom or in the vast
distances of the astronomical universe.
在不斷深入探索大自然的奧秘時(shí)，科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，不論是在微小的原子核內(nèi)，還是在遙遠(yuǎn)的宇宙天體中，磁力都是十分重要的。(to be
important是賓語magnetism的補(bǔ)足語。)
12. Water is considered to be of high quality and drinkable if it
has no more than 500 parts minerals, or salts, per one million parts
of water.
如果水中所含礦物質(zhì)或鹽分不超過5 0/000，那就被認(rèn)為是高質(zhì)量和可飲用的水。(to be of．．．
drinkable是主語water的補(bǔ)足語。)
13. Such problems have stumped researchers at Yale and other
schools, as they try to get computers to perform simple language
translations.
當(dāng)耶魯大學(xué)和其他學(xué)校的研究人員試圖讓計(jì)算機(jī)作簡單的語言翻譯時(shí)，他們卻被這類問題難住了。(get sth．．。to
do．．，“讓……做……”。to perform．．．是computers的賓語補(bǔ)足語。)
14. We can see that, though we must keep as much dust as we can out
of our houses, yet dust has a very important part to play in the
work of nature.
我們可以看到，雖然我們的住房必須盡可能地防止灰塵，然而灰塵在自然界卻起著非常重要的作用。(out
of．．．houses是dust的補(bǔ)足語。)
15. Using the same idea - having a computer guide the laser beam' s
path - makes it possible to create a new generation of machine tools
for the industries and factories of the future.
利用同樣的設(shè)想，即讓計(jì)算機(jī)來控制激光束的光路，就有可能制成供今后工業(yè)部門和工廠使用的新一代機(jī)床。(不帶to的不定式短語guide．．．path用作賓語a
computer的補(bǔ)足語。)
16. When windmills were invented in the twelfth century, they had to
be turned by hand to keep them pointing into the wind, in order to
keep them working.
在12世紀(jì)發(fā)明風(fēng)車時(shí)，為了保持運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，必須用手轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)風(fēng)車使之迎著風(fēng)向。(keep+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞，“保持……”，“使……繼續(xù)……”。現(xiàn)在分詞在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中作賓語補(bǔ)足語，如本句中的pointing和working都是賓語補(bǔ)足語。）
譯路通武漢翻譯公司整理
2012.6.13