21. There is no complete inventory of positions or people in federal service at this level. The lack may be explained by separate agency statutes and personnel systems, diffusion among so many special services, and the absence of any central point (short of President himself) with jurisdiction over all upper-level personnel of the government.
譯文：這個(gè)級別的聯(lián)邦政府官員和職位沒有完整的記載。對此（缺少詳細(xì)記載）所做的解釋可能是，各部門的條例和人事制度各不相同，分布的特殊服務(wù)部門太多并缺少一個(gè)中心機(jī)構(gòu)（總統(tǒng)本人除外）來管理所有的政府高級官員。
22. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of　descendants an individual will have and　hence the number of gene copies　transmitted.
譯文：那種性別比例能在最大程度上增加一個(gè)個(gè)體所能擁有的后代數(shù)量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所傳遞到后代身上去的基因復(fù)制品的數(shù)量。
23. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen synthesis.
解釋：本句中修飾成分極多，以分詞修飾和介詞結(jié)構(gòu)修飾為主，作各種類型的狀語。前面的狀語和主句還好理解，從leaving開始句子變難；leaving引導(dǎo)的直到句末的結(jié)構(gòu)來做整個(gè)句子的狀語；分詞中又包含了三個(gè)狀語，其中的兩個(gè)via oxidative metabolism by the liver又起到了插入語的作用，把be converted into拆成兩段。
本句的另外一個(gè)特征是其中充斥著專有名詞。其中的body fluids, oxidative和synthesis通過字面的意思或者根據(jù)詞頭、詞根我們還是應(yīng)該猜出其意思的，lactic acid, metabolism和muscle這三個(gè)詞在生物類文章中極其常用，大家應(yīng)該背下來；而glycogen這種東西則沒辦法，只能作一個(gè)首字母提煉。但是請記住，GRE和GMAT文章中只要出現(xiàn)了這種專有名詞，出題者是一定會在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的詞義解釋清楚的，所以讀者遇到文章中做了解釋的專有名詞，應(yīng)該力求把解釋看懂。
譯文：隨著爆發(fā)出來的運(yùn)動的結(jié)束，再體液中乳酸含量會變得很高，使得大型動物處于容易受到攻擊的狀態(tài)，直到乳酸通過有氧新陳代謝，被肝臟轉(zhuǎn)化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下來又會（部分）傳送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 。
24. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves’ preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy.
譯文：雖然古特曼承認(rèn)，由于奴隸買賣而造成的被迫離散甚為頻繁，但他還是證明，奴隸的偏愛——在那些奴隸買賣并不頻繁的種植園上被最為顯著地揭示出來——在很大程度上側(cè)重于穩(wěn)定的一夫一妻制（monogamy）。
25. This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests， may have derived from　West African rules governing marriage, which, though they differed from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.
譯文：古特曼表示，這種對于外部通婚的偏愛很有可能緣起于西部非洲制約著婚姻的規(guī)定，盡管這些規(guī)定在一個(gè)和另一個(gè)部落群體之間不盡相同，但都涉及到某種對近親聯(lián)姻（union with close kin）的禁止。
26.Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged　the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.
譯文：古特曼人令人信服地論辨道，黑人家庭的穩(wěn)定有助于包括民間傳說、音樂、及宗教表達(dá)在內(nèi)的黑人文化遺產(chǎn)一代一代傳遞下去，因而在維持文化遺產(chǎn)方面也起著至關(guān)重要的作用，而對于這種文化遺產(chǎn)，黑奴們不斷地從其非洲和美洲的經(jīng)歷中予以豐富發(fā)展。
27. Although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal　representation becomes more holistic and　the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence　seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.
雖然某些實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，隨著一個(gè)物體變得熟悉起來，其內(nèi)心再現(xiàn)圖像亦更具整體感，辨認(rèn)過程相應(yīng)地更趨于平行，但證據(jù)的砝碼似乎在支持序列假設(shè)（serial hypothesis），至少是對于那些不甚簡單、不甚熟悉的物體來說。
28. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected　equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of　quantum field-theoretical equations.
因此，舉例來說，對數(shù)學(xué)家而言，了解到下述情形可能會令其驚愕不已，即薛定諤（Schrodinger）的氫原子方程式并非是對該原子作出的一種絕然正確的描述，而僅僅是個(gè)近似值，趨近于一個(gè)在某種程度上更為正確的將自旋、磁性偶極子、以及相對論效應(yīng)考慮在內(nèi)的方程式；而這個(gè)得以糾正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一個(gè)不完美的近似值，趨近于無窮無盡的一整套量子場論方程式。
29. In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer's Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism ; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted , a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression ?
不僅如此，有些黑人小說（比如JT的甘蔗）的風(fēng)格接近與表現(xiàn)主義和超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義；這種技巧是否為流行的主題提供了一個(gè)和諧的對應(yīng)呢？這種主題刻畫了黑人注意與之相抗?fàn)幍拿�運(yùn)，這是一個(gè)通常用更為自然主義的表現(xiàn)手法所表達(dá)的主題。
30. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths， where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength，　　infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface, radiation that would　otherwise be transmitted back into space.
雖然這些分子允許可見波長（visible wavelength）的輻射——陽光的絕大部分能量就匯集于此——不受阻擋地穿透，但它們卻會吸收某些較長波長（longer-wavelength），亦即從地球表面輻射出的紅外發(fā)射（infrared emission），這種輻射若不是二氧化碳的緣故就會被重新輸送回太空。
31. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating　the details of human behavior but one　of imposing constraints—ways of　feeling, thinking, and acting that　　"come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture.
這些人類學(xué)家所歸諸于生物進(jìn)化的作用，不是規(guī)定人類行為的種種細(xì)節(jié)，而是將各種限制強(qiáng)加于人類——即在任何文化的典型情景中都會“自然表露”的情感、思維、以及行動方式。
32. Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the “details” versus “constraints” distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior?
以下哪一個(gè)選項(xiàng)最有可能為文章中所談到的與人類行為有關(guān)的“人類行為細(xì)節(jié)”相對“人類所受限制”之間的差異，從人類形態(tài)的角度上提供了一個(gè)合適的類比？
33. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of　individual zooplankton species in the　laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions　using the known population density　of grazers.
由哈格雷夫（Hargrave）和吉恩（Geen）所進(jìn)行的研究，對自然條件下的群落捕食速率進(jìn)行了估計(jì)，其手段是通過測量出實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)單獨(dú)的浮游動物種類的捕食速率，然后利用已知的食草動物種群密度，計(jì)算出實(shí)地狀況下的群落捕食速率。
34. In the periods　of peak zooplankton abundance, that is, in the late spring and in the summer，　　Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates, for nutrient-poor　lakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.
在浮游動物數(shù)量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼記錄了最大程度上的每日群落食草比率，對于營養(yǎng)物不充足的湖和沼澤湖而言，分別為每日浮游植物繁殖量的6.6%和114%.
35. The hydrologic cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation, thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.
水文循環(huán)（hydrologic cycle），作為該學(xué)科中的一個(gè)主要課題，指的是水所經(jīng)過的諸現(xiàn)象的整個(gè)循環(huán)過程，開始時(shí)是作為大氣中的水蒸氣，轉(zhuǎn)而作為雨、雪、露、雹一類的降水量經(jīng)過液體和固體形態(tài)，由此而沿著地層表面分布或進(jìn)入地層表面，最終通過蒸發(fā)和散發(fā)作用再度回復(fù)到大氣水蒸氣的形態(tài)。
36. The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing　steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the　　closing of the internal frontier——that is, the depletion of available new land　needed for further expansion of the American farming system.
史學(xué)家弗雷德里克.杰.特納（Frederick J.Turner）于十九世紀(jì)九十年代著述道，美國約自18世紀(jì)70年代以來一直在持續(xù)不斷發(fā)展的農(nóng)民不滿，由于國內(nèi)邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)（internal frontier）的封閉而更趨加劇——亦即是說，美國農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展所必需的可資利用的新土地幾近耗竭。
37. In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers, to　　investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political　and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local　magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
譯文：二十世紀(jì)五十年代早期，研究前工業(yè)化時(shí)代歐洲（此處我們可將其界定為約自1300年至1800年這一時(shí)期的歐洲）的史學(xué)家，首次以眾多的人數(shù)（楊鵬的書中：第一次以大量的數(shù)據(jù)），開始調(diào)查前工業(yè)化時(shí)代歐洲人口中的大多數(shù)，而非那些構(gòu)成了政治與社會精英階層的百分之二或三的人口，即國王、將軍、法官、貴族、主教、以及地方上的達(dá)官顯貴，而正是這部分人一直到那時(shí)為止普遍充斥于史學(xué)著作。
38. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.
即使是這樣的要求，即從這些材料中加工出來的生物材料應(yīng)該對受移植者的組織無害，也能夠通過從研究組織培養(yǎng)對生物材料的反應(yīng)而來的，或從研究短期移植而來的技術(shù)來滿足。
39. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and　　nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly.
但是，要想沿著原生和非原生物質(zhì)之間的界面獲取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某種知識，即什幺樣的分子控制著細(xì)胞彼此間的結(jié)合——而對這一領(lǐng)域，我們尚未進(jìn)行充分的探索。
40. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law—notwithstanding, of course, a　considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned—that its study is indispensable in order to　appreciate adequately the full range of　possible legal phenomena.
伊斯蘭法是一種如此不同于所有其它法律形式的現(xiàn)象——毋庸置疑，盡管就其主要內(nèi)容和有積極意義的法規(guī)而言，與其它法律形式中的這種或那種形式存在著相當(dāng)數(shù)量的且不可避免的巧合相似之處——以致于對它進(jìn)行研究便顯得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律現(xiàn)象的全部范圍。
41. （Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.） Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora （the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel）， the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.
盡管從歷史角度來看，在古代以色列作為獨(dú)立主權(quán)國家的猶太教法與大流散時(shí)期（Diaspora，即以色列被征服后古代猶太人被巴比倫人逐出故土）的猶太教法之間存在著一個(gè)明晰可辨的斷裂，然則，《舊約全書》（Old Testament）后半部分中法律內(nèi)容的精神與《猶太教法典》（Talmud）極為一脈相承，而所謂的《猶太教法典》，是指大流散時(shí)期猶太教法的主要典籍輯錄之一。
42. Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination,　from a religious angle, (examination) of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic　Arabia and numerous legal elements　taken over from the non-Arab peoples　of the conquered territories. (as it did )實(shí)際上是一句插入語。
另一方面，伊斯蘭教則代表著與此前存在的阿拉伯異教（Arab paganism）的一種根本上的決裂；伊斯蘭法是從宗教的角度，對各種雜亂無章、絕無共同點(diǎn)的法律內(nèi)容進(jìn)行考察所致的結(jié)果，而這些法律內(nèi)容實(shí)際上是由前伊斯蘭阿拉伯國家（Pre-Islamic Arabia）法律的不盡相同的組成部分以及由從被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鑒過來的無數(shù)法律因素所構(gòu)成。
43. One such novel idea is　that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution; specifically, the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes, if they can be identified and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence, (there is ) the intensified research on legumes.
這其中的一個(gè)新穎思想就是，在植物的染色體（chromosome）內(nèi)注入并非是該植物自然構(gòu)造一個(gè)部分的那些不相關(guān)聯(lián)的因基：具體而言，這一思想是，在非豆科植物內(nèi)注入這樣一些基因，倘若這些基因可被辨識出來并被分離開來，而這些基因業(yè)已使豆科植物宜于充當(dāng)那些具備固氮作用的細(xì)菌的寄主。由此，對豆科植物的研究日趨深入。
44. It is　one of nature’s great ironies that the　availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves　are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.下述情形真可謂是自然界的一個(gè)莫大諷刺：土壤中所能獲得的氮肥量往往對植物的生長構(gòu)成了一個(gè)上限，雖然植物的葉子被沐浴在一片氮?dú)獾暮Ｑ笾小?br /> 45. Unless they succeed，the　yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in　legumes that equip those plants to enter　into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers　are identified and isolated，and even if　the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible.
除非他們能取得成功，不然的話，綠色革命的產(chǎn)量收益將在很大程度上損失殆盡，即使豆科植物中使這些植物有條件進(jìn)入到與固氮細(xì)菌共生關(guān)系的基因可被辨識出來和分離開來的話，且即使這些基因綜合體（gene complex），一旦被發(fā)現(xiàn)之后，其移植得以成為可能的話。
46. Its subject（to use Maynard Mack’s categories）is　"life-as-spectacle，" for readers，　　diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without；the tragic Iliad，however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers　are asked to identify with the mind of　　Achilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. （5）
其主題〔若借鑒梅納德。邁克（Maynard Mack）的兩個(gè)分類范疇的話〕是“人生作為外部景象”，因?yàn)樽x者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散，主要是從外部來觀察其主人公奧德修斯（Odyssus）的；然而，富于悲劇色彩的《伊利亞特》所表現(xiàn)的則是“人生作為內(nèi)心體驗(yàn)”：讀者被要求與阿基琉斯（Achilles）的心靈產(chǎn)生共鳴，而其行為動機(jī)卻致使他變作一個(gè)并非特別惹人喜愛的主人公。 （從分號后的語句推理出前面的意思）
注：hero:主人公；without:外部；likable:有吸引力的
47. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source, most　geologists contend, is the upper mantle.
對于地幔分層論點(diǎn)來說，最好的證據(jù)乃這樣一個(gè)確認(rèn)的事實(shí)，即在那些海洋島嶼——這些島嶼據(jù)信是源于由下層地幔升上來的地幔柱狀溶巖流（mantle plume）——上發(fā)現(xiàn)的火山巖石，是由與海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)根本不同的物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，而這一海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的成因，大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學(xué)家論辯道，為上部地幔。
48. Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle　xenoliths， argue that the mantle is　not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" （elements tending toward　liquid rather than solid state） percolating upward and transforming　portions of the upper mantle　irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways.
但是，某些地質(zhì)學(xué)家，以對地幔捕虜巖體（xenolith）所作的觀察為依據(jù)，指出地幔并非是分層排列的，相反，地幔的異質(zhì)性是由那些富含“不兼容成分”的流質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，這些成分趨向于流體而非固體的狀態(tài)，自下而上滲透擴(kuò)散，并依照這些流質(zhì)流向的任意性，不規(guī)則地將上部地幔的某些部分予以改變。
49. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s （cDNA’s）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s （mRNA’s）of the peptide hormones.
科學(xué)家可以制造出特異的（specific）互補(bǔ)DNA’s（cDNA’s），以此作為分子探子（molecular probe），探覓出肽激素的信使RNA’s（mRNA’s）。
50．The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can　take years of tedious purifications　　to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them.
采用cDNA探子來測定肽激素的這一分子生物學(xué)方法同時(shí)也應(yīng)該比免疫學(xué)的方法速度來得快，因?yàn)閷τ诿庖叩姆椒▉碚f，需耗費(fèi)好幾年枯燥的提純進(jìn)程，方能將肽素分離了出來，然后再培養(yǎng)出針對它們的抗血清。
51. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.
然而，研究更新世的研究者發(fā)展除了各種各樣的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系統(tǒng)，用來顯示如果由他們來決定地質(zhì)事件的話他們將會如何安排冰川紀(jì)。
52. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits　and events not directly related to　　glacial and interglacial periods, rather　than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits.
這一序列演替（succession）所依據(jù)的，主要是一系列與冰川期和間冰期并不直接相關(guān)的地質(zhì)沉積物和地質(zhì)事件，而不是依據(jù)更為普遍的現(xiàn)代方法，去研究間冰層（interglacial bed）中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的生物殘留物，而這些間冰層本身又在冰川沉積物發(fā)生間層化（interstatified）。
53．There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social　　relationships either between those who are involved and those who are　not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need, or　between those already satiated and　those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.
人們試圖對這些禁忌作出解釋，所依據(jù)的要幺是那些正置身于某一身體需要滿足的人與那些并置身于某一身體需要之滿足的人之間的，要幺是那些早已酒足飯飽的人與那些正在不知羞恥地狼吞虎咽失之間的不相稱的社會關(guān)系。
54．Granted that the presence　of these elements need not argue an　authorial awareness of novelistic　construction comparable to that of Henry James， their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novel’s　heterogeneous parts.
誠然，這些因素的存在并不能證明作者對小說架構(gòu)的意識可與亨利。詹姆斯（Henry James）的那種意識相比擬；然則，任何力圖將小說所有形形色色的因素統(tǒng)一起來的做法，在某種程度上注定是無法令人信服的。 Granted that:大家都統(tǒng)一、當(dāng)然，表讓步，=admitted , of course.
55．It is not known how rare this resemblance is, or whether it is most often seen in　inclusions of silicates such as garnet, whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond；　　but when present, the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic.
現(xiàn)在尚不知這種類似稀少到何種地步，也不知道是否它最常見于象石榴石一類的硅酸鹽內(nèi)含物中，而這類物質(zhì)的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)普遍地在某種程度上類似于金剛石的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)。但一旦存在，這種類似就被視作極有說服力的證據(jù)，證明金剛石與內(nèi)含物確是同源的。
56．Even the "radical" critiques　of this mainstream research model, such as the critique developed in Divided Society, attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social　mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination　of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority.
即使是對這一主流研究模型的“激進(jìn)”批評，諸如《分裂的社會》（Divided Society）一書中所提出的那種批判，亦將少數(shù)民族同化問題過分機(jī)械地與經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會移動性的因素聯(lián)系起來，因此無從闡明波多黎各人作為一個(gè)殖民地少數(shù)民族的文化從屬關(guān)系。
57．I can think of a good few medical students who would willingly “work their way through colleges” by filling in as nurses at our understaffed hospitals.
我可以想象不少讀醫(yī)的學(xué)生是愿意來我們?nèi)耸植蛔愕尼t(yī)院臨時(shí)充當(dāng)護(hù)士，以此來掙錢讀完大學(xué)的。分析：fill in用做及物動詞詞組，和a blank/a check./a form等搭配時(shí)，是做“填寫”、“填入”解釋的，但是如果用作不及物動詞詞組時(shí)，和for sb. as sb.搭配，就是做“暫時(shí)代替”來解釋。
58．(An intelligence test does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities.) To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.
批評智力的測試不反映上述情況，就好比批評溫度計(jì)不能測出風(fēng)速一樣。
分析：很多情況下，failure這個(gè)詞是做“失敗”解釋的，但是，當(dāng)failure后面接動詞不定式，形成failure to do sth.的結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候，這個(gè)failure就應(yīng)當(dāng)解釋為“未能”、“沒有”。
59．It seems to me that the time is ripe for the Department of Employment and the Department of Education to get together with the universities and produce a revised educational system which will make a more economic use of the wealth of talent, application and industry currently being wasted on certificates, diplomas and degrees that no one wants to know about.
我認(rèn)為時(shí)機(jī)已成熟。就業(yè)部門和教育部門應(yīng)同大學(xué)攜起手來，修正我們的教育制度，使之能比較合理地使用學(xué)生的才能、勤奮和刻苦。而現(xiàn)在他們這些才能和努力都浪費(fèi)在無人感興趣的證書、文憑和學(xué)位上。
分析：雖然application常做“申請”解釋，但是由上下文來看，這里顯然不是這個(gè)意思，而是另一個(gè)意思：勤奮刻苦。同樣，industry也有這個(gè)問題，它多做“工業(yè)”解釋，但根據(jù)上下文應(yīng)當(dāng)是“勤勞”的意思。此外，這里的economic也是誤譯，只是看它和economy有些像，就想當(dāng)然地譯成“經(jīng)濟(jì)”，這是不對的，應(yīng)當(dāng)是看它在文章里的具體環(huán)境，采用“節(jié)約的”、“合理的”這個(gè)譯法。
60．(There is a definite link between smoking and heart disease and lung cancer.) But this doesn’t make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company.
但這并不能使人們感到太多不舒服，因?yàn)楹湍阋粯映闊煹娜撕芏唷?br /> 分析：company作可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)的意義是不同的。作可數(shù)名詞時(shí)是“公司”，而作不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)是“伙伴”、“伴侶”的意思，要格外小心。
61．He stepped right in after them, like it or not, and he was determined that nothing as petty as good manners should keep him from a chance of enlightenment.
他不管人家歡迎不歡迎，緊跟著他們走了進(jìn)去。什幺禮貌不禮貌，他顧不得這一套。他決心不錯(cuò)過這個(gè)機(jī)會，把心里的問題弄明白。
分析：enlightenment在詞典中的意思確實(shí)是“啟蒙”、“啟發(fā)”，但是在這里如果原封不動地照搬，不僅生硬，且不符合原文意思，這里就需要我們把它的引申意義找出來，即“把問題搞清楚”。
62．Until the World War brought chaos to most of their institutions, their whole lives were regulated; perhaps more than those of any other people save the Spaniards, by a regard for precedent.
在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)給他們的大部分風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣帶來變化之前，他們的所有生活，除了西班牙人之外，或許比其它民族都更受到先例的制約。
分析：save可以用作動詞，但是如果作為動賓結(jié)構(gòu)的話，它的主語又是什幺呢？perhaps more than those of any other people和perhaps more than thirty people是兩種不同的結(jié)構(gòu)，后者是名詞短語，可以作主語；但是前者只是一個(gè)形容詞短語，不能做主語。其次，如果by a regard for precedent是save的狀語的話，前面也沒有必要用逗號隔開。實(shí)際上，這個(gè)by a regard for precedent是和were regulated組成的一個(gè)被動結(jié)構(gòu)：were regulated by…。這樣，save這一部分就不是一個(gè)句子，只是一個(gè)修飾成分。事實(shí)上，save是個(gè)介詞，作“除了”解，相當(dāng)于but，或是except。
63．It is the two superpowers that should be responsible for the hostilities in the Middle East．應(yīng)對中東戰(zhàn)爭（×敵對狀態(tài)）負(fù)責(zé)的是兩個(gè)超級大國。
有一些名詞，特別是抽象名詞的單數(shù)變成復(fù)數(shù)后，意義是不一樣的。“hostility�箚螖�(shù)作“enmity��，“ill will��“敵意”“敵視”解，但“hostilities�箯�(fù)數(shù)作“war��“戰(zhàn)爭”解。
64. ）．．．he let the line slip down，down，down，unrolling off the first of the two reserve coils．……他就松手讓釣絲滑下去，下去，下去，把兩卷備用的（×多余的）釣絲也松開了一卷。
reserve有“預(yù)備著的”，“多余的”意思，這里應(yīng)是“備用”之意。

譯路通武漢翻譯公司

2012.7.16