我國(guó)濕地資源介紹翻譯-中英對(duì)照
濕地面積急劇減少。我國(guó)濕地資源面臨的種種嚴(yán)重威脅。近40年來(lái)，全國(guó)僅圍墾一項(xiàng)就使天然湖泊濕地消失近1000個(gè)，面積達(dá)130萬(wàn)公頃以上，湖泊圍墾面積已超過(guò)五大淡水湖面積之和，失去調(diào)蓄容積325億立方米，每年損失淡水資源約350億立方米；沿海濕地圍墾近1/2。我國(guó)濕地面積從占國(guó)土面積的6.9％左右下降到了3.77%，大大低于全球濕地占陸地面積6%的比例。隨著濕地面積減少，濕地生態(tài)功能明顯下降，生物多樣性降低，出現(xiàn)生態(tài)惡化現(xiàn)象。
（4）生物多樣性面臨威脅
棲息地生境環(huán)境改變，影響生物多樣性。多年來(lái)，人口膨脹以及農(nóng)村和城市擴(kuò)張，使大面積的天然森林、草原、濕地等自然生境遭到破壞，大量野生動(dòng)物棲息地喪失，瀕危滅絕。全國(guó)共有瀕�；蚪咏鼮l危的高等植物4000～5000種，占到了我國(guó)高等植物總數(shù)的15～20%。從中國(guó)的生物和自然資源的科學(xué)調(diào)查所積累的大量寶貴的資料中初步統(tǒng)計(jì)，大約有398種脊椎動(dòng)物瀕危，占中國(guó)脊椎動(dòng)物總數(shù)的7.7％左右，258種野生動(dòng)物已瀕臨滅絕。國(guó)家一級(jí)保護(hù)動(dòng)物華南虎估計(jì)野外僅存數(shù)十只。分布于湖北枝城以下長(zhǎng)江中、下游地區(qū)的白鱀豚，目前僅剩100多頭。普氏野馬、高鼻羚羊等物種在20世紀(jì)已經(jīng)滅絕。一些過(guò)去的常見(jiàn)種（如：黃羊等)也淪為稀有種。在《瀕危野生動(dòng)植物種國(guó)際貿(mào)易公約》附錄一所列640個(gè)種中，中國(guó)就有156個(gè)種，約占其總數(shù)的1/4，并且與之關(guān)聯(lián)的40000多種生物的生存受到威脅，形勢(shì)十分嚴(yán)峻。
（5）冰川退縮趨勢(shì)明顯
由于受氣候變暖和人類(lèi)活動(dòng)的影響，近二三十年來(lái)中國(guó)西部冰川已經(jīng)發(fā)生了明顯變化，冰川物質(zhì)虧損十分嚴(yán)重�！吨袊�(guó)冰川資源及其變化調(diào)查》研究表明，所調(diào)查的近２萬(wàn)平方公里無(wú)表磧覆蓋冰川總體處于縮小狀態(tài)，縮小了1480平方公里，這部分冰川與20世紀(jì)50年代末至80年代第一次冰川普查相比總體縮小比例為7.4%。除了面積縮小，一些冰川厚度減薄明顯，如祁連山老虎溝12號(hào)冰川面積縮小不明顯，但冰面高程最高降低了20到25米；與七一冰川1984年的厚度數(shù)據(jù)比較，23年來(lái)該冰川總體平均減薄了19.6米，在末端區(qū)域減薄程度最大，超過(guò)了50米。
2、深層次生態(tài)問(wèn)題日益突出
（1）生態(tài)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)不合理
長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，我國(guó)人口增加、產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展、城市擴(kuò)張以及交通、水電水利等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，對(duì)區(qū)域生態(tài)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生了強(qiáng)烈的擾動(dòng)，一些重要的生態(tài)信息發(fā)育基質(zhì)被切割，生態(tài)信息聯(lián)系廊道被阻斷，生態(tài)信息融會(huì)節(jié)點(diǎn)被破壞。主要突出表現(xiàn)在：
景觀結(jié)構(gòu)變化顯著。隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的飛速發(fā)展，我國(guó)城市化進(jìn)程正逐步加快。經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)區(qū)域城市群的快速形成已經(jīng)從根本上改變了這些區(qū)域原有的景觀格局和地表結(jié)構(gòu)，如高速公路的修建使區(qū)域景觀嚴(yán)重破碎化，生物的自由傳播和流動(dòng)受到嚴(yán)重限制；城市建設(shè)征用土地從而對(duì)鄉(xiāng)村和郊野土地進(jìn)行的土地整理以及河道的整治，使土地資源異質(zhì)性大大降低，均勻度大大提高，小生境受到嚴(yán)重破壞，從根本上動(dòng)搖了生物多樣性的基礎(chǔ)。
流域性結(jié)構(gòu)不合理。由于在人口急劇增長(zhǎng)的情況下，土地資源過(guò)度利用和不合理的開(kāi)發(fā)，流域內(nèi)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)嚴(yán)重失調(diào)，在山區(qū)，毀壞森林、陡坡開(kāi)荒；在平原，盲目圍湖造田，占用行洪洲灘，自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的服務(wù)功能受到嚴(yán)重破壞，使得河流中下游兩岸的土地上著面臨著洪水的威脅，不僅洪水位越來(lái)越高，防汛負(fù)擔(dān)越來(lái)越大，而且防汛的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也越來(lái)越大。部分內(nèi)陸河流域，受以水土資源開(kāi)發(fā)為基本特征的人類(lèi)活動(dòng)影響，山區(qū)植被面積減少，上游的過(guò)度開(kāi)發(fā)導(dǎo)致中、下游水分條件惡化，沿岸天然綠洲不斷退化，交錯(cuò)過(guò)渡帶萎縮，而綠洲在失去過(guò)渡帶的緩沖保護(hù)后荒漠化面積擴(kuò)張，生態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)總體上向劣化方向演變。
產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)與資源環(huán)境承載力不相適應(yīng)。產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)和布局脫離水資源條件，在缺水地區(qū)布置了很多高耗水項(xiàng)目，人為加劇了水資源緊張狀況。例如，在水資源緊缺的北京，布置高耗水的冶金和石化項(xiàng)目；在地處荒漠地帶的新疆，搞大規(guī)模商品糧基地建設(shè)；在氣候非常干旱的寧夏，大面積種植高耗水的水稻，并在沙漠上推廣種水稻，這些都是產(chǎn)業(yè)布局與水資源條件不相適應(yīng)的典型。
(3) Worrying declined wetland function
Wetland area declines sharply. China’s wetland resources are faced with various serious threats. Over the past 40 years, only reclamation has made nearly 1,000 natural lake wetlands disappear, with an area of more than 1.3 million hectares, and the lake reclamation area has exceeded the total area of the five major fresh water lakes, resulting in the lost regulation and storage capacity of 32.5 billion cubic meters and the annually lost freshwater resources of about 35 billion cubic meters; coastal wetlands reclamation has reached nearly 1/2. China’s wetland area has fallen from about 6.9% to 3.77% of the total land area, much lower than 6%, the ratio of global wetland area occupying the total global land area. With the reduction of wetlands, wetland ecological functions have decreased significantly, resulting in biodiversity reduction and ecological deterioration.
(4) Threats to biodiversity
The change of habitat environment has affected biodiversity. Over the years, population growth and rural and urban expansion have destroyed large areas of natural forests, grasslands, wetlands and other natural habitats so that a large number of wild animals have lost their habitats loss and are endangered. There are 4,000 to 5,000 species of endangered or nearly endangered higher plants in China, accounting for 15% to 20% of the total higher plants. According to the preliminary statistics from a lot of valuable information accumulated through scientific investigation of biological and natural resources in China, there are about 398 species of endangered vertebrate animals, accounting for around 7.7% of the total number of vertebrate animals in China, and 258 species of wild animals have been endangered. It is estimated that the wild south China tigers as one of the first-class protected animals in China have only left dozens. The white-fin dolphins living in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from the lower of Zhicheng, Hubei have only left over 100. Some species like Equus Przeualskii and high-nose antelopes went extinct in the 20th century. Some common species in the past (such as: Mongolian Gazelle, etc.) have become rare species. Among the 640 species listed in appendix I of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, there are 156 species in China, accounting for approximate 1/4 of the total number, and more than 40,000 species of associated biology suffer from survival threat, so the situation is very grim.
(5) Obvious trend of glacier retreat
Because of the climate warming and the impact of human activities, in recent two to three decades, significant changes have taken place in the glaciers in western China and the glacier material loss is extremely serious. According to the Survey on China’s Glacier Resources and Changes, the nearly 20,000 square kilometers glaciers not covered with moraine are in the overall state of reduction, with a reduced area of 1,480 square kilometers. This part of glaciers have an overall reduction ratio of 7.4% compared with the area according to the first glacier survey from the end of the 1950s to the 1980s. In addition to area reduction, some glaciers have thinned obviously, such as the No. 12 Glacier in the Tiger Ditch of Qilian Mountains, whose area reduction is not obvious but whose ice surface height has reduced by 20 to 25 meters at most; compared with the thickness data in 1984, Qiyi Glacier has thinned by 19.6 meters on average totally over the past 23 years and the thinning by more than 50 meters of the end area is maximum.
2. Deep ecological problems have become increasingly prominent
(1) Unreasonable ecosystem structure
For a long time, China’s population growth, industrial development, urban expansion as well as construction of infrastructures such as traffic, hydropower and water conservancy have brought a strong disturbance to regional ecosystem structure: a number of important ecological information development substrates have been cut; ecological information contact channels have been blocked; ecological information mixed nodes have been destroyed. This is profoundly manifested in the following:
Significant changes have taken place in landscape structure. With the rapid development of China’s economy, China’s urbanization process is gradually speeding up. Rapid formation of urban agglomerations in economically developed regions has fundamentally changed the original landscape patterns and surface structure of these regions, for example, the construction of freeways has seriously broken up the regional landscape and severely restricted the free spread and flow of biology; land expropriation for urban construction as well as sequent consolidation of countryside or suburb land and river rectification have greatly reduced the heterogeneity but the largely increased the uniformity of land resources, severely damaged the niche and fundamentally shaken the foundation of biodiversity.
River-basin structure is not reasonable. The ecosystem of river basins has been plagued with serious imbalance due to overusing and unreasonable exploitation of land resources under rapid growth of population. As a result of deforestation and steep slope cultivation in mountain areas as well as blind cultivated land reclamation from lakes and occupation of flood-draining river beaches in plain areas, the service function of natural ecosystem has been severely damaged so that the areas on both sides of the middle and lower reaches are faced with flood threat. Not only the flood level has become higher and higher but the flood-prevention burden has become heavier and heavier and the flood-prevention risk has become larger and larger. In some inland river basins, influenced by human activities with exploitation of water and soil resources as the basic characteristics, mountain vegetation has been reduced; water conditions of the middle and lower reaches have deteriorated caused by overexploitation of the upper reaches; coastal natural oasis continues to degrade; staggered transitional strips have shrunk; oasis desertification area has expanded for the loss of buffer protection by the transitional trips. Ecological structure trend to degradation on the whole.
Industrial structure is incompatible with the bearing capacity of resources and environment. Industrial structure and layout hasn’t taken water resource conditions into account and many high water consumption projects are distributed in water shortage areas, aggravating the shortage of water resources. For example, high water consumption metallurgical and petrochemical projects are distributed in Beijing, a city with deficient water resources; large-scale commodity grain bases are constructed in Xinjiang, a province located in desert belt; a large area of rice are planted in Ningxia, a province with a arid climate; rice planting is promoted in the desert areas, all of which are typical representatives of incompatibility between industrial distribution and water resource conditions.
2013.4.11