生態(tài)建設(shè)計(jì)劃書(shū)翻譯-中英對(duì)照
目前我國(guó)生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)管理體系不統(tǒng)一，政出多門(mén)、條塊分割、各行其是、多元領(lǐng)導(dǎo)現(xiàn)象突出，導(dǎo)致投資分散，責(zé)任不到位，形不成治理整體合力，有效治理不顯著。生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)需要大量資金投入，近年來(lái)，我國(guó)生態(tài)建設(shè)的投入不斷增加，僅1998年到2002年，中國(guó)在環(huán)境保護(hù)和生態(tài)建設(shè)方面的投入高達(dá)5800億元，占同期國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的1.29％以上，是1950年到1997年47年投入總和的1.8倍，有力地支持了生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)工作。但由于資金使用分散，形成國(guó)家一家投入、分流使用的局面，無(wú)法形成治理整體合力，無(wú)法保證大面積有效治理經(jīng)費(fèi)。由于某些決策和實(shí)踐缺乏系統(tǒng)科學(xué)的指導(dǎo)思想，生態(tài)建設(shè)沒(méi)有能夠鑒借當(dāng)前國(guó)際上的綜合生態(tài)系統(tǒng)管理先進(jìn)理念，沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)從單因子管理向多要素、全系統(tǒng)綜合管理的轉(zhuǎn)變，強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)區(qū)域、流域生態(tài)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的保護(hù)。部門(mén)化管理導(dǎo)致難以跨區(qū)域、跨工程從整體上把握生態(tài)環(huán)境建設(shè)，生態(tài)建設(shè)工程出現(xiàn)重疊和交叉，造成大量資金和人力的浪費(fèi)；重建設(shè)、輕管理導(dǎo)致生態(tài)工程的成效和可持續(xù)性受到很大影響。
6、生態(tài)監(jiān)管體制不和諧
我國(guó)已廣泛建立起了各部門(mén)、各級(jí)生態(tài)環(huán)境相關(guān)的管理機(jī)構(gòu)。但是由于部門(mén)管理的行政分割性，不同的生態(tài)要素（如水、土地、森林、草原）被分割開(kāi)來(lái)，甚至同一個(gè)生態(tài)要素又被分割成許多片。政策思想偏重部門(mén)利益，缺乏對(duì)生態(tài)問(wèn)題的整體性認(rèn)識(shí)，從而影響了生態(tài)管理的效率。同時(shí)，生態(tài)保護(hù)的監(jiān)管機(jī)制不健全。生態(tài)保護(hù)相關(guān)法律、法規(guī)、政策、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不完善。生態(tài)監(jiān)管能力落后。大部分地區(qū)尚未開(kāi)展生態(tài)保護(hù)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)執(zhí)法工作，各地普遍存在經(jīng)費(fèi)緊張、交通工具不足、裝備落后等問(wèn)題。生態(tài)保護(hù)科研力量有限，尤其是生態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)、預(yù)警等技術(shù)尚處于起步階段，信息不足，渠道不暢，難以為生態(tài)管理提供良好的支撐作用。
三、未來(lái)主要壓力
1、經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境的壓力短期內(nèi)難以緩解
由于起步較晚，當(dāng)前我國(guó)正處于工業(yè)化、城鎮(zhèn)化加速發(fā)展的時(shí)期，資源能源的消費(fèi)和需求量極大，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展仍是高投入、高消耗、高排放、難循環(huán)、低效率的粗放性的增長(zhǎng)方式，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境的壓力突出地表現(xiàn)為高速經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)與資源消耗、生態(tài)破壞、環(huán)境污染的同步性。
我國(guó)生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱區(qū)占國(guó)土面積的60%以上。其中，水土流失面積占國(guó)土總面積37.1%，每年因水土流失損失土壤50億噸；90%的天然草原出現(xiàn)不同程度的退化，土地沙化每年以2460km2速度擴(kuò)展；天然濕地大面積萎縮、消亡，其中海南、廣東、廣西的紅樹(shù)林濕地，在近20年內(nèi)由5萬(wàn)公頃下降到1.4萬(wàn)公頃；90%城市地表水域受污染。中國(guó)人均耕地面積1.4畝，僅為世界平均水平的40%，但由于城市化、工業(yè)化耕地每年還在以高于每年1000萬(wàn)畝的速度在遞減，并且受污染的耕地占了1／10以上比重。高速的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展使生態(tài)環(huán)境承受巨大壓力，20世紀(jì)90年代以來(lái)，全國(guó)性或區(qū)域性生態(tài)災(zāi)害、環(huán)境污染事件頻繁爆發(fā)。
由于經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展速度過(guò)猛，國(guó)內(nèi)礦產(chǎn)資源遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿(mǎn)足當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要。中國(guó)礦產(chǎn)資源總采掘量達(dá)50億t，可人均占有量不足世界人均占有量的50%，但單位GDP能耗、物耗大大高于世界平均水平。2006年中國(guó)GDP達(dá)到了21600億美元，占世界GDP總量的5.5%左右，但能源消耗達(dá)到了24.6億萬(wàn)噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤，大約占世界能源消耗的15%左右。鋼材消費(fèi)量達(dá)到了3.88億噸，大約占世界鋼材消耗的30%。水泥消耗了12.4億噸，大約占世界水泥消耗量的54%。隨著國(guó)民物質(zhì)生活水平提高和經(jīng)濟(jì)總量的擴(kuò)大，各類(lèi)資源消耗以后較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間里還將保持較高增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)。由于儲(chǔ)量有限，礦產(chǎn)品消費(fèi)對(duì)進(jìn)口的依賴(lài)程度繼續(xù)提高。石油達(dá)到45.2% ,鐵礦石55% ,銅金屬70% ,氧化鋁45%，鉀鹽77%。近年來(lái)，我國(guó)石油、鐵礦石、銅金屬等對(duì)進(jìn)口的依賴(lài)程度呈逐年增加趨勢(shì),尤其是石油和鐵礦石對(duì)進(jìn)口的依賴(lài)程度增加更快。據(jù)預(yù)測(cè),中國(guó)45種主要礦產(chǎn)的現(xiàn)有儲(chǔ)量,到2010年能夠保證需要的只有24種,到2020年能夠保證需要的僅有6種。
雖然我國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值年均增長(zhǎng)速度仍將保持在7.5%的水平，但能源資源產(chǎn)出率極低。與國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平比，中國(guó)大型鋼鐵企業(yè)噸鋼的可比能耗要高出15%，火電供電能耗要高20%，水泥的綜合能耗要高出23.6%。與國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平相比，中國(guó)的工業(yè)部門(mén)每年多用能源約2.3億噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤。中國(guó)并沒(méi)有擺脫先污染后治理的老路，已經(jīng)存在著相當(dāng)程度的環(huán)境透支。低效率必然伴隨著高消耗、高排放，高污染。傳統(tǒng)的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)升級(jí)調(diào)整不可能在短期內(nèi)瞬間完成，粗放型的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式仍將在一段時(shí)期內(nèi)長(zhǎng)期存在，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)對(duì)資源環(huán)境的壓力短期內(nèi)難移緩解。因此生態(tài)環(huán)境壓力逐年增大。
5. Integrity lack of ecological construction
At present, the ecological environment construction management system in China is not unified. Serious problems such as multiple governances, fragmentation, non-cooperation and multiple leaderships have led to scattered investment, not-in-place responsibility, no integrative resultant force for regulation and unobvious effective regulation. Construction of the ecological environment requires substantial capital investment and in recent years, China has made increasing investment in ecological construction. Only from 1998 to 2002, China invested as more as 580 billion yuan in environmental protection and ecological construction, which accounted for more than 1.29% of the GDP during the same period and was 1.8 times of the total investment of the 47 years from 1950 to 1997, effectively supporting the ecological and environmental protection work. Due to the separate use of funds, however, the situation of national investment but dispersed use can’t form an integrated resultant force for regulation and so can’t guarantee the funds for large area of effective regulation. As some decision-makings and practices lack of systematical and scientific guidelines, ecological construction has neither referenced the current international advanced concepts on the integrated management of ecosystem, nor achieved the change from a single-factor management to the multi-element and multi-system integrated management to stress protection on structure and function of regional and river-basin ecosystems. Sector management has led to difficulties in inter-region and inter-project controls of ecological environment construction from an overall view, so that overlapping and cross-cutting have happened to ecological construction projects, causing a lot of financial and human wastes; focusing on construction but ignoring management has led to large impacts on effectiveness and sustainability of ecological projects.
6. Disharmonious ecological regulation system
China has widely established related management organizations for different sectors and ecological environment at all levels. However, due to the administrative division of sector management, different ecological factors (such as water, land, forest and grassland) have been separated from each other, or even the same ecological factors have also been divided into many segments. Policy thoughts lay particular stress on sector interests and lack of overall understanding of ecological problems, thus affecting the efficiency of ecological management. Meanwhile, the regulation system of ecological protection is not sound; relevant laws, regulations, policies and standards on ecological protection are imperfect; ecological regulation capability is poor. Spot enforcement for ecological protection has not yet been carried out in most regions and problems such as fund lack, insufficient vehicles and poor equipment have occurred throughout the country. Scientific research forces for ecological protection are limited, especially the technologies like ecological monitoring and early warning are still in the initial stage and the information is insufficient and has poor channels, so it is difficult to provide a sound support to ecological management.
III. Main Pressures in the Future
1. The pressure from economic growth onto ecological environment can be released in a short term
At present, due to its late start, China is in the period of accelerated development of industrialization and urbanization; consumption and demand of resources and energy are extremely large; economic development is still in the extensive growth mode with high input, high consumption and high emission but low cycle and low efficiency; the pressure from economic growth onto ecological environment is especially manifested as the synchronization between high-speed economic growth and resources consumption, ecological destruction and environmental pollution.
The regions with fragile ecological environment cover more than 60% of the land area of China. The soil erosion area accounts for 37.1% of the total land area, with annual soil loss of 5 billion tons; 90% of the natural grassland has degraded in varying degrees, with annual land desertification rate of 2460 km2; annual wetland has shrunk and disappeared by a large area, for example, mangrove wetlands in Hainan, Guangdong and Guangxi have dropped from 50,000 hectares to 14,000 hectares over the past 20 years; 90% of urban surface waters has been polluted. China's per capita arable land area is 1.4 mu, only 40% of the world average level. Furthermore, the arable land is reduced at the rate of over 10 million mu every year due to urbanization and industrialization and the polluted farmland has accounted for above 1/10 of the total arable land. Rapid economic development has brought great pressure to ecological environment, so that national or regional ecological disasters and environmental pollutions have occurred frequently since the 1990s.
As a result of excessive speed of economic development, domestic mineral resources fall far short of current economic development needs. The mining of mineral resources in China has amounted to 5 billion tons, with a per capita share less than 50% of the world per capita level, but unit GDP energy consumption and material consumption are much higher than the world average levels. In 2006, China's GDP reached 2.16 trillion U.S. dollars, accounting for around 5.5% of the total world GDP, but energy consumption got up to 24.6 trillion tons of standard coal, accounting for about 15% of the world energy consumption. Steel consumption reached 388 million tons, accounting for about 30% the world consumption, and cement consumption got up to 1.24 billion tons, accounting for about 54% of the world consumption. With the improvement of the national material living level and expansion of the overall economy size, consumption of various resources after will still maintain a higher growth trend for a longer time in future. Because of the limited reserves, the dependence degree of minerals consumption on imports continues to improve and the import ratios of oil, iron ore, copper metal, alumina and potassium salt have reached 45.2%, 55%, 70%, 45% and 77% respectively. In recent years, import dependence degree of oil, iron ore and copper metal in China has been increasing year by year, especially oil and iron ore. According to the forecast, among the 45 major minerals in China, only 24 of them have enough existing reserves to ensure the needs till 2010 and only 6 of them have enough existing reserves to ensure the needs till 2020.
China’s GDP will remain at an average annual growth rate of 7.5%, but the output rate of energy resources is quite low. Compared with international advanced level, the comparable energy consumption of per ton steel in China’s major iron and steel enterprises is 15% higher, energy consumption of thermal power supply is 20% higher, and comprehensive energy consumption of cement is 23.6% higher. Compared with international advanced level, China’s industrial sectors consume about 230 million tons of standard coal more every year. China is not out to the old path of pollution first and control last so there is already a considerable degree of environmental overdraft. Low efficiency will inevitably accompanied by a high consumption, high emission and high pollution. The upgrade and adjustment of traditional industrial structure can not be completed in the near future; extensive mode of economic development will still exist in a certain period for a long time; the pressure from economic growth onto resource and environmental will not be released in a short term. Therefore, the pressure on ecological environment will increase year after year.
2013.4.14