化學(xué)反應(yīng)中加熱現(xiàn)象論文翻譯-中英對(duì)照
摘要
本文根據(jù)阿伏加德羅及查理定律引申出物質(zhì)分子的運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)律總結(jié)出物質(zhì)分子動(dòng)能公式及原理。并依此對(duì)物質(zhì)所具有的比熱，氣化，融化熱及熔點(diǎn)，沸點(diǎn)化學(xué)能等大家非常關(guān)注的一些自然現(xiàn)象作出合理的解釋及精確的計(jì)算，解釋出一系列物質(zhì)物理及化學(xué)反應(yīng)中的熱現(xiàn)象的實(shí)質(zhì)：物質(zhì)的體積分子的體積的變化決定熱現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生。
關(guān)鍵詞 分子的動(dòng)能 分子的運(yùn)動(dòng)程度
在化學(xué)反應(yīng)中時(shí)常有放熱和吸熱現(xiàn)象發(fā)生，被認(rèn)為是化學(xué)能地釋放和儲(chǔ)藏的緣故。
熱是組成物質(zhì)分子的一種運(yùn)動(dòng)現(xiàn)象，與其它物質(zhì)的運(yùn)動(dòng)形式相互轉(zhuǎn)化的，無(wú)非都是分子所具動(dòng)能從標(biāo)量到矢量，從無(wú)形到有形，從微觀到宏觀的運(yùn)動(dòng)的擴(kuò)散與聚合，能量在其間無(wú)有增減，不會(huì)引起邏輯上的困難。唯獨(dú)化學(xué)能的產(chǎn)生，讓人不得其解。化學(xué)能仿佛像幽靈，潛伏在物質(zhì)中，游離在空間，通過(guò)物質(zhì)在化學(xué)反應(yīng)中的釋放與吸收得以體現(xiàn)。能量在化學(xué)反應(yīng)中的消失與產(chǎn)生一直困擾著人類的思維。原子核理論的出現(xiàn)，這個(gè)問(wèn)題好像得到解決。有人通過(guò)計(jì)算，發(fā)現(xiàn)組成原子的質(zhì)子與中子的質(zhì)量之和竟然大于原子的質(zhì)量。以碳12為例，它的原子核由六個(gè)質(zhì)子和六個(gè)中子組成。質(zhì)子的質(zhì)量為1.007825，中子的質(zhì)量為1.008665，總質(zhì)量12.09894，而碳12的原子量為12。另外0.09894的質(zhì)量到哪里去了呢？于是認(rèn)為這部分質(zhì)量轉(zhuǎn)化為能量了，這里存在兩個(gè)問(wèn)題，一是質(zhì)量是物質(zhì)的有形存在。是可以稱量出來(lái)的，比如碳12與氧, 反應(yīng)生成CO2，沒(méi)有證據(jù)證明反應(yīng)前后碳的質(zhì)量發(fā)生了改變，如果說(shuō)該反應(yīng)放出的熱是由碳多出的0.09894轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)，這個(gè)0.09894在反應(yīng)前是以什么樣的形式存在于碳原子中的呢？第二，為什么碳僅僅只有0.09894的質(zhì)量轉(zhuǎn)化為能量呢？既然質(zhì)量可以轉(zhuǎn)化為能量，應(yīng)該有手段可以使所有的物質(zhì)都轉(zhuǎn)化為能量的存在，如果所有的物質(zhì)全部轉(zhuǎn)化為能量，物質(zhì)消失了，能量又何以為附呢？質(zhì)能轉(zhuǎn)化的結(jié)論將能量物質(zhì)化與“熱質(zhì)學(xué)”相比更是有過(guò)之而無(wú)不及，將人類的思維陷于新的困擾與混亂中。因此在這里與大家討論化學(xué)反應(yīng)中的熱現(xiàn)象首先要確定熱是分子的一種運(yùn)動(dòng)形式，物質(zhì)通過(guò)化學(xué)反應(yīng)重組生成新的物質(zhì)時(shí)，其分子運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)發(fā)生改變才能產(chǎn)生熱現(xiàn)象。所以在討論引起分子運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)發(fā)生變化的根本因素應(yīng)從分子的所具動(dòng)能談起。
一、分子的動(dòng)能
在討論分子的動(dòng)能首先要從其物質(zhì)呈氣態(tài)時(shí)的分子運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)考慮起。因?yàn)橹挥性诖藸铙w下，分子可以看作是個(gè)體存在。支配氣體中其行為的規(guī)律要比液體固體時(shí)的行為規(guī)律簡(jiǎn)單直觀，更便于對(duì)分子個(gè)體定量研究。物質(zhì)時(shí)氣態(tài)時(shí)有哪些行為規(guī)律呢？將傳統(tǒng)理論歸納如下：
1.阿伏加德羅定律
同一體積的氣體，無(wú)論性質(zhì)如何，在相同條件下，都是由相同數(shù)量的質(zhì)點(diǎn)組成。
2. 查理定律
當(dāng)體系溫度上升或下降一度時(shí)，氣體體積膨脹或縮小該體積為0℃時(shí)體積的1/273。同時(shí)會(huì)吸收或放出一定的熱質(zhì)。據(jù)此推出當(dāng)氣體溫度降至OK時(shí)，體系內(nèi)分子的動(dòng)能為零。
Phenomenon of Chemical Reaction Heating & Kinetic Energy of Molecular
Relevant evidence of Avogadro law and Charles law
Rao Qinwei
Abstract
This article focuses on the law of molecular movement based on Avogadro and Charlies law, summarized the kinetic energy formula and principle, and give rational explanation to the well concerned natural phenomenon as the material specific heat, gasification, melting heat, melting point, boiling point and chemical energy, explain the essence of a series of material physical and chemical reaction in thermal phenomenon: the change of molecular volume determine to the occurrence of thermal phenomenon.
Keywords: molecular kinetic molecular; molecular movement degree
Exothermic and endothermic phenomenon is very common in chemical reaction, which is considered as the reason of releasing and absorbing chemical energy.
Heat is a movement phenomenon in molecular composition of substance, which can be transform to the other physical form, such as from scalar to vector, from the abstract to the concrete, from micro to macro movement by diffusion and polymerization. The energy does not increase or decrease in this process, which is not difficult to understand. However，the generation of chemical energy is not solved. Chemical energy just like a ghost, latent in the material, free in the space, which recognized as the release and absorption in chemical reaction. Energy generation and disappearing in the chemical reaction has been plagued us for quite a long time. Nuclear theory seems to solve the problem. It was found that the composition of the atom the mass of protons and neutrons is greater than the sum of the atom quality. Take the C12 for example, its nucleus are composed by six protons and six neutrons. The mass of the proton is about 1.007825, and the mass of the neutron is 1.008665. The total mess is about 12.09894. However, and total quality of C12 of the atomic weight is 12, where is the 0.09894 atomic weight? So someone think that this part atomic weight transfer into energy. There are two problems, one is that the material is tangible and the mass of a material can be weighted out, such as carbon and oxygen, which can be transfer into CO2 through reaction. There is no evidence that the mass of material is changed before or after the reaction. If the more heat is transformed by the 0.09894 mass, what kind of form does it exist before reaction? Secondly, why only 0.09894 of carbon mass transferred into energy? Since the mass can be transformed into energy, there should be methods to transform all mass into energy. If all material transform into energy and material disappear, how does energy exist? The conclusion of energy conversion is more assertive than materialization of energy and “heat transfer theory”, which put the human's thinking into the new problems of confusion. Therefore, before we discuss chemical reaction of the thermal phenomenon we should make sure that heat is a form of movement of molecules. When material changed into new substances through the chemical reaction to restructure its formation, the molecular motion state changed so as to produce thermal phenomenon. Therefore, when we discuss molecular motion state change, it is required to start it from the fundamental factors of molecules with kinetic energy.
I. Molecular kinetic energy
When discussing molecular kinetic energy, it is necessary to start it from the gaseous substance of molecular motion state. Because only in this shape body, the molecules can be regarded as individual exist. The law of controlling gas is more simple, intuitive and convenient than liquid solid behavior rule, which is easier to study to molecular individual exist. What is a behavior rule for the material in a gaseous state? The traditional theory may summarize as follows:
1. Avogadro law
The gas with same volume, no matter what nature they are, is made by the same number of particle composition in the same conditions.
2. Charlie's law
When the system temperature rise or fall for one degree, gas volume may increase or reduce the 1/273 of the volume in 0℃. At the same time, it can absorb and give off a certain thermal mass. Hereby we can conclude that when the gas temperature drop to OK, the kinetic energy in the system of molecules is zero.
The law can be obtained by the following points
A. In gaseous state, different the molecules of a material in the same condition, the absolute volume may vary considerably, but the relative volume shall be the same. Such as H2 consists of two H, and Xe131 is composed by 131 hydrogen units. The absolute volume can be differed a dozen of times. But the relative volume shall be 224liters/6.02×1023 in the standard form state.
B. The kinetic energy of the material is not unlimited.
C. The kinetic energy of the molecules can not generated itself, with different energy environment and the environment in a dynamic equilibrium, it can exchange the energy in mutual collision contact.
D. Volume will be reduced when energy releases, while the volume will increase when absorb heat.
E. The movement of molecules in radial and around shall be the same, which occupies a space with ball shape. (No matter what kind of bubble gas we blow out, and no matter how small it is, it is all ball shape).
From above we know when material is in gaseous state, the molecules of a material may transfer the energy in its own system with radial movement and collision with environmental particles. The following format shows that the molecule contact and then assigned to internal molecular, then we have:
2013.9.30