Measles
Measles vaccine is given at 9 months of age but may be given as early as 6 months of age in cases of outbreaks.
Hepatitis B Vaccine
The first dose is given within the first 12 hours of life. The Hepatitis B birth dose may be used as the first dose in a 3 dose primary series. Doses are given at least 4 weeks apart. A fouth dose is need for the following:
If the third dose is given at age larger than 6 months;
If no birth dose is given using the EPI schedule of 6, 10 and 14 weeks.
For preterm less than 2 kgs, the initial dose should not be counted in the 3 dose immunization schedule.
Pneumococcal Vaccines (PCV/PPV)
The minimum for pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) is 6 weeks of age and for pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) is 2 year of age in addition to PCV. For healthy children, no additional doses of PPV are needed if the PCV series is comp0letedx.
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A vaccine is recommended for all children aged larger than 12 months. A second dose of the vaccine is given 6 to 12 months after the first dose.
Rota-virus vaccine (RV) 輪狀病毒疫苗
The monovalent human rotavirus vaccine (RV1) is given as a 2 dose series. The pentvalent human bovine rotavirus vaccine (RV5) is given 3 dose series. The first dose of the vaccine is administered from age 6 weeks to 14 weeks and 6 days. There are insuffcient data on safety of the first dose of rotavirus vaccine in older infants. The minimum interval between doses is 4 weeks. The second dose of RV 1 should not be administered later than 24 weeks of age. The 3rd dose of RV 5 should not be adminstered later than 32 weeks of age.
Varicella Vaccine 水痘減毒活疫苗
The first dose of the vaccine is administered from age 12-15 months, The second dose of the varicella vaccine is administered at age 4-6 years or at an earlier age provided the interval between the fist and the second dose is at least 3 months. A second dose of the vaccine is recommended for children, adolescents and adults who previously received only one dose of the vaccine. All individual aged larger than 13 years and without previous evidence of immunity should reveive 2 dosed of varicella vaccine given at least 4 weeks apart.
Influenza Vaccine 流行性感冒
Recommended for all children 6 months to 5 years old, children with the following high risk conditions: chronic cardiovascular disease (eg. CHD, vascular disease), chronic metabolic and renal disorders, chronic lung disease (eg. asthma), hemoglobinopathies (血紅蛋白病) and children receving long term aspirin therapy. Influenza vaccine may also be given to healthy children larger than 5 years old who want to be protected against influenza. Children aged 6 months to 8 years receiving influenza vaccine for the first time should receive 2 doses of the vaccine given at least 4 weeks apart initially an one dose yearly thereafter.
Children who received only one dose of influenza vaccine in the first year of life should receive 2 doses of the vaccine the following year.
Children who received a single dose of influenza vaccine for 2 consecutive years should continus receiving single annual doses.
Yearly vaccination should preferably be given between February to June.
Ihuman Papillomavirus Vaccine (HPV)
Primary vaccination consists of 3 dose series. Bivalent HPV is indicated for females 10-55 years old following a recommended schedule of 0, 1 and 6 months. Quadrivalent HPV is given to females 10-45 years old following a recommended schedule of 0, 2 and 6 months. The minimum interval between the first and second dose is at least one month and minimum interval between the second and third dose is at least 3 months.
Tetanus and Diptheria toxoids and acellular pertussis (Tdap)
Children and adolescents 10 - 18 years of age should receive a single dose of Tdap instead of Td for booster immunization against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis if they have not completed the recommended children DTP/DTap immunization series and if they hvave not received either TD or Tdap. Thereafter, Td booster given every 10 years is recommended. An interval of at least 5 years from the last Td dost is recommended if Tdap is used as booster to reduce the risk of local and systemic reactions.
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對于 2016 年 3 月 12 日的乙型肝炎 #2 Vacciu。
麻疹
麻疹疫苗在 9 個月大時接種，但在爆發(fā)的情況下最早可在 6 個月大時接種。
乙型肝炎疫苗
在出生后的前 12 小時內(nèi)給予第一劑。乙型肝炎出生劑量可用作 3 劑主要系列中的第一劑。給藥間隔至少 4 周。以下情況需要第四劑：
如果第三劑是在 6 個月大時給予的；
如果沒有使用 6、10 和 14 周的 EPI 計劃給予出生劑量。
對于小于 2 公斤的早產(chǎn)兒，初始劑量不應(yīng)計入 3 劑免疫計劃。
肺炎球菌疫苗 (PCV/PPV)
肺炎球菌結(jié)合疫苗 (PCV) 的最低接種年齡為 6 周齡，肺炎球菌多糖疫苗 (PPV) 的最低接種年齡為 2 歲（除 PCV 外）。對于健康兒童，如果 PCV 系列是 comp0letedx，則不需要額外劑量的 PPV。
甲型肝炎
建議所有 12 個月以上的兒童接種甲型肝炎疫苗。在第一劑疫苗后 6 至 12 個月給予第二劑疫苗。
輪狀病毒疫苗 (RV) 輪狀病毒疫苗
單價人輪狀病毒疫苗 (RV1) 以 2 個劑量系列的形式接種。五價人牛輪狀病毒疫苗 (RV5) 分為 3 個劑量系列。第一劑疫苗在 6 周齡至 14 周零 6 天之間接種。大齡嬰兒首劑輪狀病毒疫苗的安全性數(shù)據(jù)不足。劑量之間的最小間隔為 4 周。 RV 1 的第二劑給藥不應(yīng)晚于 24 周齡。第 3 劑 RV 5 不應(yīng)在 32 周齡后給藥。
水痘疫苗 水痘減毒活疫苗
第一劑疫苗在 12-15 個月大時接種，第二劑水痘疫苗在 4-6 歲或更早的年齡接種，前提是第一劑和第二劑之間的間隔至少為 3 個月.建議先前僅接種一劑疫苗的兒童、青少年和成人接種第二劑疫苗。所有年齡大于 13 歲且之前沒有免疫力證據(jù)的人都應(yīng)至少間隔 4 周接種 2 劑水痘疫苗。
流行性感冒疫苗
推薦給所有 6 個月至 5 歲的兒童，患有以下高危疾病的兒童：慢性心血管疾病（如冠心病、血管疾病）、慢性代謝和腎臟疾病、慢性肺病（如哮喘）、血紅蛋白病（血紅蛋白�。� ) 和接受長期阿司匹林治療的兒童。 5 歲以上的健康兒童也可以接種流感疫苗，以預(yù)防流感。第一次接種流感疫苗的 6 個月至 8 歲兒童應(yīng)接種 2 劑疫苗，最初至少間隔 4 周，之后每年接種一劑。
出生后第一年僅接種一劑流感疫苗的兒童應(yīng)在第二年接種 2 劑疫苗。
連續(xù) 2 年接種單劑流感疫苗的兒童應(yīng)繼續(xù)每年接種一次。
每年的疫苗接種最好在 2 月至 6 月之間進(jìn)行。
人乳頭瘤病毒疫苗 (HPV)
初次接種由 3 個劑量系列組成。按照推薦的 0、1 和 6 個月的時間表，二價 HPV 適用于 10-55 歲的女性。按照推薦的 0、2 和 6 個月的時間表，向 10-45 歲的女性接種四價 HPV。第一劑和第二劑之間的最短間隔至少為一個月，第二劑和第三劑之間的最短間隔至少為 3 個月。
破傷風(fēng)和白喉類毒素和無細(xì)胞百日咳 (Tdap)
10 - 18 歲的兒童和青少年，如果沒有完成推薦的兒童 DTP/DTap 免疫系列，并且沒有接受過任何一種 TD，則應(yīng)接受單劑 Tdap 代替 Td 以進(jìn)行破傷風(fēng)、白喉和百日咳的加強(qiáng)免疫或 Tdap。此后，建議每 10 年給予一次 Td 加強(qiáng)劑。如果使用 Tdap 作為加強(qiáng)劑以降低局部和全身反應(yīng)的風(fēng)險，建議從最后一次 Td 給藥至少間隔 5 年。
譯路通武漢翻譯公司
2021.11.17