替代詞one, ones, that, those在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的用法辨析
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在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中,為了避免重復,常用替代詞替代名詞詞組或它的中心詞?梢赃@樣用的替代詞常用的且較難掌握的有one, ones,that和those。
I.替代詞one和ones的用法:
1.one只能替代單數(shù)名詞,one的復數(shù)形式ones只能替代復數(shù)名詞。例如:
My child doesn't like this book.Show her a more interesting one.
2.替代詞one或ones必須帶有一個限定或修飾詞,它們和所替代的名詞中心詞所指不一定是同一對象,這是替代詞one或 ones在用法上的一個重要特征。例如:
I don't like this book.I'd like a more interesting one.
3.當替代詞one或ones帶有后置修飾語時,它們前面總有定冠詞。例如:
Our new cassette is more expensive than the one we had before.
4.當替代詞one或ones在形容詞比較級、最高級以及某些限定詞如this,that, which和序數(shù)詞等之后,可以省略。例如:
This book is much better than that(one).
5.替代詞one或ones通常不用在物主代詞和名詞所有格之后。如不可說my one(s),your one(s),Peter's one(s)等等。one或 ones也不能用在own之后。
但是,如果有了形容詞,one(s)可以和物主代詞及名詞所有格連用。如:
My cheap camera seems to be just as good as John's expensive one.
6.one作替代詞時,在of前面不能用 the one來表示所屬關(guān)系和類似概念。如不可說:
*He put down his gun and picked up the one of Henry.
該用一個所有格來表示 He picked up Henry's.
7.當兩個形容詞表示對照的意思時,不能使用替代詞 one。僅在其中一個形容詞后加上名詞即可。例如:
Don't praise the younger child in the presence of the elder.
8.替代詞 one如果不帶任何前置修飾語,即它的前面既沒有限定詞,又沒有形容詞時,便不是替代名詞詞組的中心詞,而是替代整個名詞詞組。這時,one=a+單數(shù)名詞。例如:
A cake made of wheat costs less than one made of rice.(one =a cake)
one的這種用法是泛指同類事物中的任何一個,相當一個不定冠詞,因此它沒有復數(shù)形式。要泛指復數(shù)事物,只能用some。例如:
Here are a few apples.Would you like some(=some of them)?
II.替代詞that和those的用法:
1.that和those通常用作指使代詞,也可用作替代詞。它們總是伴隨著限定性的后置修飾語,分別等于the one和 the ones。例如:
The houses of the rich are generally larger than those of the poor.
2.that也可替代不可數(shù)名詞,但是 the one則不能。例如:
The resistance of a thicker wire is less than that of a thin one.
以上兩例中的that都不能換成the one。
3.that作替代詞,只能指物,不能指人。those作替代詞,既可指物,也可指人。例如:
The blonde girl I saw was older than the one you were dancing with.
該句中的the one不能換成that。
4.that用作替代詞和它所替代的名詞詞組的中心詞的“數(shù)”可以不一致。替代單數(shù)名詞時,只替代“the +單數(shù)名詞”,不可替代“a+單數(shù)名詞”。例如:
The song by Schubert is more tuneful than that by Britain.(that=the song。song為可數(shù)名詞。)
請注意,這里說的that只替代“the +單數(shù)名詞”,不可替代“a+單數(shù)名詞,系指that在句子中實際的作用,并非要求它在句子中所代表的前面出現(xiàn)的詞組必須是“the +單數(shù)名詞。例如:
In those days they lived a life worse than that of a beast of burden.
在該句中,前面出現(xiàn)的詞組為a life,但that替代的卻是the life。
that作為替代詞,它不能用于零關(guān)系分句(即沒有關(guān)系代詞的定語從句)之前。例如:
The problem confronting us today is not dissimilar from that which the nation confronted in the 1930s.
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2012.7.10