分詞短語(yǔ)
1/現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)：
現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)必須放在所修飾名詞的后面，它相當(dāng)于一個(gè)包含一般時(shí)或進(jìn)行時(shí)謂語(yǔ)的從句（完成分詞不能這樣用）：
It is a question puzzling (=that puzzles) many people.
(帶有賓語(yǔ)）（比較：It is a puzzling question.)

He was a businessman growing(=that grew ) rich in recent years.
(帶有補(bǔ)語(yǔ))（比較：He is a growing boy.)

The gentleman talking (=who is talking ) so loudly is my uncle.
(帶有副詞) （比較：Can you read her talking eyes?)

The lady visiting (=who visited) us from time to time taught us French. (帶有副詞短語(yǔ)）

The girl coming to learn music is only siz years old. (帶有不定式作狀語(yǔ)）

"Anybody getting up as soon as the cock crows will be rewarded," said my father. (帶有狀語(yǔ)從句）

2/過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)：
過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)也必須放在所修飾的名詞后面，它相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被包含有被動(dòng)謂語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句，這個(gè)謂語(yǔ)可以是完成時(shí)態(tài)，也可以是一般時(shí)態(tài)。 若分詞是被動(dòng)進(jìn)行形式（即由being開頭的短語(yǔ)），這個(gè)謂語(yǔ)又可以是進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。
Dogs cruelly treated (=which have been cruelly treated ) will be vicious. (帶有副詞）

The woman abandoned (=who had been abandoned) by her husband called on me one day. （帶有副詞短語(yǔ)）

I drink water boiled (=which has been boiled) at least ten minutes.

Book called (=that are called ) the comics may be harmful to children. (帶有補(bǔ)語(yǔ)）

Boys disciplined (=who are disciplined) when they are yong will become good citizens. (帶有狀語(yǔ)從句）

I shall study the subject being studied (=which is being studied) by so many students. (帶有being)

The text-book being used (=which is being used) in this school is "Let Us Learn French".


c)前面帶as的分詞
連詞as可以用在分詞前面
The news as arriving (=The news as it arrives, Such news as arrives( today is not believable. (There may be different news).

The results as proclaimed (=The results as they have been proclaimed, Such results as have been proclaimed) in today's newspaper are encouraging.

His ability as displayed during the last three months was inadequate.

I will tell you a story as told by my mother.
b.作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的分詞
現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞都可以用在is,was,grow,feel這類系動(dòng)詞后做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（亦稱表語(yǔ)）。由于它們修飾解釋主語(yǔ)，可以稱作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：
It is interesting (or charming, astonishing, exciting).（這些表示情緒的現(xiàn)在分詞這里用作純粹的形容詞，盡管看起來(lái)像謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，卻不是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。）

He was interested (or charmed, astonished,excited). 這些表示情緒的過(guò)去分詞，這里也是用作純粹的形容詞。）

She is very (or greatly) delighted (or disgusted, concerned, pleased). (帶有表示程度的副詞）

He felt interested (or charmed, astonished, excited, annoyed, assured ).

He appears (or seems ) pretending (or sparing, unthinking, grasping, forbidding).

It looks decayed (or withered, rotten, sunken).

He remains unsatisfied; the matter remains unsettled and untouched.

His illness continued unchanged.

He became excited (or discouraged).

He got scolded.

He grew tired of life.

The situation proves encouraging.

c.作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的分詞
分詞也可用在see,hear,set,make,keep這類賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞后，作賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，修飾或談及賓語(yǔ)的情況，他們稱為賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。它們?nèi)跃哂袆?dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)，可以有賓語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)及修飾語(yǔ)。另外，如果這些賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞表示感官作用，它們可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榧拔飫?dòng)詞，同時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞可以變成that從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：

I saw(賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞) him（賓語(yǔ)） running（現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)） off. (=I saw（及物動(dòng)詞） that he was running or ran（謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞） off)

I found(賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞) those people（賓語(yǔ)） working（現(xiàn)在分詞） hard. (=I found（及物動(dòng)詞） that those people were working or worked（謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞） hard.)

They heard her singing.

Did you notice that fellow stealing it?

I saw the thief caught by policemen. (=I saw that the thief was caught by the policemen.)

Do your own yourself defeated?(=Do you own that you have been defeated?)

He declared himself satisfied.

I must see everything done properly.

I found everything changed.

如果賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞不表示感官作用，分詞則不能變?yōu)閠hat從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：
He left his children playing in the street.

The joke set all of them laughing.

They must keep the pot boiling.

I have kept you waiting a long time.

He sent the ball flying.

They caught him doing evil.

I can't make myself understood.

His actions make him respected, but not his words.

I have a house built on the mountain.

Please get thie luggage carried into the room.

分詞也可由being 開始：
He watched the pictures being hung on the wall.

I found myself being looked after by ten servants. (=I found that I was being looked after by ten servants.)

在某些賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞后，現(xiàn)在分詞前可加連詞as:
He described the city as expressing the modern idea of speed.

He quoted Confucius as saying this.

He recorded the movement as beginning a new era.

He accepted me as having seen much of the world.

The results show their lessons as having been neglected.

He looked upon the accident as being caused by a grave misunderstanding.

在個(gè)別動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)后也可帶as的分詞短語(yǔ)：
The story was told as having happened to himself.

An old man was represented as standing among his sons.

I was given a dictionary as being the best students.

d.作解釋性修飾語(yǔ)得分詞
作為解釋性修飾語(yǔ)，它常常放在主語(yǔ)后面或前面，由逗號(hào)把它和主語(yǔ)分開，就像一個(gè)作狀語(yǔ)的分詞一樣。但是作狀語(yǔ)的分詞可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步等，可改為一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句，并修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。作解釋性修飾語(yǔ)的分詞若說(shuō)明伴隨的情況時(shí)，不能變?yōu)闋钫Z(yǔ)從句，這時(shí)對(duì)主語(yǔ)的說(shuō)明多于對(duì)謂語(yǔ)的說(shuō)明。對(duì)下面兩對(duì)句子加以比較，就可看出這兩種用法的差別：
Gasping and excited(作狀語(yǔ)的分詞),Richard aroused suspicion. (=Because he gasped and was excited, Richard aroused suspicion.)
Gasping and excited(作解釋性修飾語(yǔ)的分詞),Richard arrived home. (Approximately=Richard gasped and was excited when he arived home;或Richard gasped and was excited, and thus he arrived home.)

Not seen by anyone(作狀語(yǔ)的分詞),David stole the watch. (=As he was not seen by anyone, David stole the watch)
Not seen by anyone(), David ran past. (Approxinately=David was not seen by anyone when he ran past;或David was not seen by anyone, and thus he ran past.)

下面是一些包含有解釋性修飾語(yǔ)的句子：
Shivering and greatly ashamed, Lilian lowered her head.
Starving, John wandered about.
Kneeling and shutting her eyes, Mary prayed to the goddess.
Bleeding and fainting, he waited for the ambulance.
Closing the door, he shut out the beggar.
Shouting aloud, he called to me.
Walking along the bank, the poet sang a sorrowful song.
Dressed in while, she suddenly appeared.
Supported by his sons, the old man came out.
這些分詞放在主語(yǔ)后時(shí)最不強(qiáng)調(diào)，放在句末時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)意義最明顯
Richard,gasping and excited, arrived home.
David, not seen by anyone, ran past.
Mary, kneeling and shutting her eyes, prayed to the goddess.(只有主語(yǔ)為名詞時(shí)，分詞才可放在它后面，如果是代詞，譬如說(shuō)he,就不能放在這個(gè)位置.)

譯路通武漢漢口翻譯公司整理

2012.7.18