31. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating　the details of human behavior but one　of imposing constraints—ways of　feeling, thinking, and acting that　　"come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture.
這些人類學(xué)家所歸諸于生物進化的作用，不是規(guī)定人類行為的種種細節(jié)，而是將各種限制強加于人類——即在任何文化的典型情景中都會“自然表露”的情感、思維、以及行動方式。
32. Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the “details” versus “constraints” distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior?
以下哪一個選項最有可能為文章中所談到的與人類行為有關(guān)的“人類行為細節(jié)”相對“人類所受限制”之間的差異，從人類形態(tài)的角度上提供了一個合適的類比？
33. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of　individual zooplankton species in the　laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions　using the known population density　of grazers.
由哈格雷夫（Hargrave）和吉恩（Geen）所進行的研究，對自然條件下的群落捕食速率進行了估計，其手段是通過測量出實驗室內(nèi)單獨的浮游動物種類的捕食速率，然后利用已知的食草動物種群密度，計算出實地狀況下的群落捕食速率。
34. In the periods　of peak zooplankton abundance, that is, in the late spring and in the summer，　　Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates, for nutrient-poor　lakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.
在浮游動物數(shù)量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼記錄了最大程度上的每日群落食草比率，對于營養(yǎng)物不充足的湖和沼澤湖而言，分別為每日浮游植物繁殖量的6.6%和114%.
35. The hydrologic cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation, thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.
水文循環(huán)（hydrologic cycle），作為該學(xué)科中的一個主要課題，指的是水所經(jīng)過的諸現(xiàn)象的整個循環(huán)過程，開始時是作為大氣中的水蒸氣，轉(zhuǎn)而作為雨、雪、露、雹一類的降水量經(jīng)過液體和固體形態(tài)，由此而沿著地層表面分布或進入地層表面，最終通過蒸發(fā)和散發(fā)作用再度回復(fù)到大氣水蒸氣的形態(tài)。
36. The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing　steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the　　closing of the internal frontier——that is, the depletion of available new land　needed for further expansion of the American farming system.
史學(xué)家弗雷德里克.杰.特納（Frederick J.Turner）于十九世紀九十年代著述道，美國約自18世紀70年代以來一直在持續(xù)不斷發(fā)展的農(nóng)民不滿，由于國內(nèi)邊遠地區(qū)（internal frontier）的封閉而更趨加劇——亦即是說，美國農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)進一步擴展所必需的可資利用的新土地幾近耗竭。
37. In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers, to　　investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political　and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local　magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
譯文：二十世紀五十年代早期，研究前工業(yè)化時代歐洲（此處我們可將其界定為約自1300年至1800年這一時期的歐洲）的史學(xué)家，首次以眾多的人數(shù)（楊鵬的書中：第一次以大量的數(shù)據(jù)），開始調(diào)查前工業(yè)化時代歐洲人口中的大多數(shù)，而非那些構(gòu)成了政治與社會精英階層的百分之二或三的人口，即國王、將軍、法官、貴族、主教、以及地方上的達官顯貴，而正是這部分人一直到那時為止普遍充斥于史學(xué)著作。
38. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.
即使是這樣的要求，即從這些材料中加工出來的生物材料應(yīng)該對受移植者的組織無害，也能夠通過從研究組織培養(yǎng)對生物材料的反應(yīng)而來的，或從研究短期移植而來的技術(shù)來滿足。
39. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and　　nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly.
但是，要想沿著原生和非原生物質(zhì)之間的界面獲取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某種知識，即什幺樣的分子控制著細胞彼此間的結(jié)合——而對這一領(lǐng)域，我們尚未進行充分的探索。
40. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law—notwithstanding, of course, a　considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned—that its study is indispensable in order to　appreciate adequately the full range of　possible legal phenomena.
伊斯蘭法是一種如此不同于所有其它法律形式的現(xiàn)象——毋庸置疑，盡管就其主要內(nèi)容和有積極意義的法規(guī)而言，與其它法律形式中的這種或那種形式存在著相當數(shù)量的且不可避免的巧合相似之處——以致于對它進行研究便顯得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律現(xiàn)象的全部范圍。
41. （Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.） Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora （the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel）， the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora.
盡管從歷史角度來看，在古代以色列作為獨立主權(quán)國家的猶太教法與大流散時期（Diaspora，即以色列被征服后古代猶太人被巴比倫人逐出故土）的猶太教法之間存在著一個明晰可辨的斷裂，然則，《舊約全書》（Old Testament）后半部分中法律內(nèi)容的精神與《猶太教法典》（Talmud）極為一脈相承，而所謂的《猶太教法典》，是指大流散時期猶太教法的主要典籍輯錄之一。

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2012.7.20