42. Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination,　from a religious angle, (examination) of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic　Arabia and numerous legal elements　taken over from the non-Arab peoples　of the conquered territories. (as it did )實(shí)際上是一句插入語(yǔ)。
另一方面，伊斯蘭教則代表著與此前存在的阿拉伯異教（Arab paganism）的一種根本上的決裂；伊斯蘭法是從宗教的角度，對(duì)各種雜亂無(wú)章、絕無(wú)共同點(diǎn)的法律內(nèi)容進(jìn)行考察所致的結(jié)果，而這些法律內(nèi)容實(shí)際上是由前伊斯蘭阿拉伯國(guó)家（Pre-Islamic Arabia）法律的不盡相同的組成部分以及由從被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鑒過(guò)來(lái)的無(wú)數(shù)法律因素所構(gòu)成。
43. One such novel idea is　that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution; specifically, the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes, if they can be identified and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence, (there is ) the intensified research on legumes.
這其中的一個(gè)新穎思想就是，在植物的染色體（chromosome）內(nèi)注入并非是該植物自然構(gòu)造一個(gè)部分的那些不相關(guān)聯(lián)的因基：具體而言，這一思想是，在非豆科植物內(nèi)注入這樣一些基因，倘若這些基因可被辨識(shí)出來(lái)并被分離開(kāi)來(lái)，而這些基因業(yè)已使豆科植物宜于充當(dāng)那些具備固氮作用的細(xì)菌的寄主。由此，對(duì)豆科植物的研究日趨深入。
44. It is　one of nature’s great ironies that the　availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves　are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.下述情形真可謂是自然界的一個(gè)莫大諷刺：土壤中所能獲得的氮肥量往往對(duì)植物的生長(zhǎng)構(gòu)成了一個(gè)上限，雖然植物的葉子被沐浴在一片氮?dú)獾暮Ｑ笾小?br /> 45. Unless they succeed，the　yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in　legumes that equip those plants to enter　into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers　are identified and isolated，and even if　the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible.
除非他們能取得成功，不然的話，綠色革命的產(chǎn)量收益將在很大程度上損失殆盡，即使豆科植物中使這些植物有條件進(jìn)入到與固氮細(xì)菌共生關(guān)系的基因可被辨識(shí)出來(lái)和分離開(kāi)來(lái)的話，且即使這些基因綜合體（gene complex），一旦被發(fā)現(xiàn)之后，其移植得以成為可能的話。
46. Its subject（to use Maynard Mack’s categories）is　"life-as-spectacle，" for readers，　　diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without；the tragic Iliad，however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers　are asked to identify with the mind of　　Achilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. （5）
其主題〔若借鑒梅納德。邁克（Maynard Mack）的兩個(gè)分類(lèi)范疇的話〕是“人生作為外部景象”，因?yàn)樽x者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散，主要是從外部來(lái)觀察其主人公奧德修斯（Odyssus）的；然而，富于悲劇色彩的《伊利亞特》所表現(xiàn)的則是“人生作為內(nèi)心體驗(yàn)”：讀者被要求與阿基琉斯（Achilles）的心靈產(chǎn)生共鳴，而其行為動(dòng)機(jī)卻致使他變作一個(gè)并非特別惹人喜愛(ài)的主人公。 （從分號(hào)后的語(yǔ)句推理出前面的意思）
注：hero:主人公；without:外部；likable:有吸引力的
47. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source, most　geologists contend, is the upper mantle.
對(duì)于地幔分層論點(diǎn)來(lái)說(shuō)，最好的證據(jù)乃這樣一個(gè)確認(rèn)的事實(shí)，即在那些海洋島嶼——這些島嶼據(jù)信是源于由下層地幔升上來(lái)的地幔柱狀溶巖流（mantle plume）——上發(fā)現(xiàn)的火山巖石，是由與海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)根本不同的物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，而這一海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的成因，大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學(xué)家論辯道，為上部地幔。
48. Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle　xenoliths， argue that the mantle is　not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" （elements tending toward　liquid rather than solid state） percolating upward and transforming　portions of the upper mantle　irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways.
但是，某些地質(zhì)學(xué)家，以對(duì)地幔捕虜巖體（xenolith）所作的觀察為依據(jù)，指出地幔并非是分層排列的，相反，地幔的異質(zhì)性是由那些富含“不兼容成分”的流質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，這些成分趨向于流體而非固體的狀態(tài)，自下而上滲透擴(kuò)散，并依照這些流質(zhì)流向的任意性，不規(guī)則地將上部地幔的某些部分予以改變。
49. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s （cDNA’s）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s （mRNA’s）of the peptide hormones.
科學(xué)家可以制造出特異的（specific）互補(bǔ)DNA’s（cDNA’s），以此作為分子探子（molecular probe），探覓出肽激素的信使RNA’s（mRNA’s）。
50．The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can　take years of tedious purifications　　to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them.
采用cDNA探子來(lái)測(cè)定肽激素的這一分子生物學(xué)方法同時(shí)也應(yīng)該比免疫學(xué)的方法速度來(lái)得快，因?yàn)閷?duì)于免疫的方法來(lái)說(shuō)，需耗費(fèi)好幾年枯燥的提純進(jìn)程，方能將肽素分離了出來(lái)，然后再培養(yǎng)出針對(duì)它們的抗血清。
51. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.
然而，研究更新世的研究者發(fā)展除了各種各樣的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系統(tǒng)，用來(lái)顯示如果由他們來(lái)決定地質(zhì)事件的話他們將會(huì)如何安排冰川紀(jì)。
52. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits　and events not directly related to　　glacial and interglacial periods, rather　than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits.
這一序列演替（succession）所依據(jù)的，主要是一系列與冰川期和間冰期并不直接相關(guān)的地質(zhì)沉積物和地質(zhì)事件，而不是依據(jù)更為普遍的現(xiàn)代方法，去研究間冰層（interglacial bed）中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的生物殘留物，而這些間冰層本身又在冰川沉積物發(fā)生間層化（interstatified）。
53．There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social　　relationships either between those who are involved and those who are　not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need, or　between those already satiated and　those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.
人們?cè)噲D對(duì)這些禁忌作出解釋?zhuān)�所依�?jù)的要幺是那些正置身于某一身體需要滿足的人與那些并置身于某一身體需要之滿足的人之間的，要幺是那些早已酒足飯飽的人與那些正在不知羞恥地狼吞虎咽失之間的不相稱的社會(huì)關(guān)系。
54．Granted that the presence　of these elements need not argue an　authorial awareness of novelistic　construction comparable to that of Henry James， their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novel’s　heterogeneous parts.
誠(chéng)然，這些因素的存在并不能證明作者對(duì)小說(shuō)架構(gòu)的意識(shí)可與亨利。詹姆斯（Henry James）的那種意識(shí)相比擬；然則，任何力圖將小說(shuō)所有形形色色的因素統(tǒng)一起來(lái)的做法，在某種程度上注定是無(wú)法令人信服的。 Granted that:大家都統(tǒng)一、當(dāng)然，表讓步，=admitted , of course.
55．It is not known how rare this resemblance is, or whether it is most often seen in　inclusions of silicates such as garnet, whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond；　　but when present, the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic.
現(xiàn)在尚不知這種類(lèi)似稀少到何種地步，也不知道是否它最常見(jiàn)于象石榴石一類(lèi)的硅酸鹽內(nèi)含物中，而這類(lèi)物質(zhì)的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)普遍地在某種程度上類(lèi)似于金剛石的晶體結(jié)構(gòu)。但一旦存在，這種類(lèi)似就被視作極有說(shuō)服力的證據(jù)，證明金剛石與內(nèi)含物確是同源的。
56．Even the "radical" critiques　of this mainstream research model, such as the critique developed in Divided Society, attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social　mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination　of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority.
即使是對(duì)這一主流研究模型的“激進(jìn)”批評(píng)，諸如《分裂的社會(huì)》（Divided Society）一書(shū)中所提出的那種批判，亦將少數(shù)民族同化問(wèn)題過(guò)分機(jī)械地與經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)移動(dòng)性的因素聯(lián)系起來(lái)，因此無(wú)從闡明波多黎各人作為一個(gè)殖民地少數(shù)民族的文化從屬關(guān)系。
57．I can think of a good few medical students who would willingly “work their way through colleges” by filling in as nurses at our understaffed hospitals.
我可以想象不少讀醫(yī)的學(xué)生是愿意來(lái)我們?nèi)耸植蛔愕尼t(yī)院臨時(shí)充當(dāng)護(hù)士，以此來(lái)掙錢(qián)讀完大學(xué)的。分析：fill in用做及物動(dòng)詞詞組，和a blank/a check./a form等搭配時(shí)，是做“填寫(xiě)”、“填入”解釋的，但是如果用作不及物動(dòng)詞詞組時(shí)，和for sb. as sb.搭配，就是做“暫時(shí)代替”來(lái)解釋。
58．(An intelligence test does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities.) To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.
批評(píng)智力的測(cè)試不反映上述情況，就好比批評(píng)溫度計(jì)不能測(cè)出風(fēng)速一樣。
分析：很多情況下，failure這個(gè)詞是做“失敗”解釋的，但是，當(dāng)failure后面接動(dòng)詞不定式，形成failure to do sth.的結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候，這個(gè)failure就應(yīng)當(dāng)解釋為“未能”、“沒(méi)有”。
59．It seems to me that the time is ripe for the Department of Employment and the Department of Education to get together with the universities and produce a revised educational system which will make a more economic use of the wealth of talent, application and industry currently being wasted on certificates, diplomas and degrees that no one wants to know about.
我認(rèn)為時(shí)機(jī)已成熟。就業(yè)部門(mén)和教育部門(mén)應(yīng)同大學(xué)攜起手來(lái)，修正我們的教育制度，使之能比較合理地使用學(xué)生的才能、勤奮和刻苦。而現(xiàn)在他們這些才能和努力都浪費(fèi)在無(wú)人感興趣的證書(shū)、文憑和學(xué)位上。
分析：雖然application常做“申請(qǐng)”解釋?zhuān)�但是由上下文�?lái)看，這里顯然不是這個(gè)意思，而是另一個(gè)意思：勤奮刻苦。同樣，industry也有這個(gè)問(wèn)題，它多做“工業(yè)”解釋?zhuān)�但根�?jù)上下文應(yīng)當(dāng)是“勤勞”的意思。此外，這里的economic也是誤譯，只是看它和economy有些像，就想當(dāng)然地譯成“經(jīng)濟(jì)”，這是不對(duì)的，應(yīng)當(dāng)是看它在文章里的具體環(huán)境，采用“節(jié)約的”、“合理的”這個(gè)譯法。
60．(There is a definite link between smoking and heart disease and lung cancer.) But this doesn’t make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company.
但這并不能使人們感到太多不舒服，因?yàn)楹湍阋粯映闊煹娜撕芏唷?br /> 分析：company作可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)的意義是不同的。作可數(shù)名詞時(shí)是“公司”，而作不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)是“伙伴”、“伴侶”的意思，要格外小心。
61．He stepped right in after them, like it or not, and he was determined that nothing as petty as good manners should keep him from a chance of enlightenment.
他不管人家歡迎不歡迎，緊跟著他們走了進(jìn)去。什幺禮貌不禮貌，他顧不得這一套。他決心不錯(cuò)過(guò)這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，把心里的問(wèn)題弄明白。
分析：enlightenment在詞典中的意思確實(shí)是“啟蒙”、“啟發(fā)”，但是在這里如果原封不動(dòng)地照搬，不僅生硬，且不符合原文意思，這里就需要我們把它的引申意義找出來(lái)，即“把問(wèn)題搞清楚”。
62．Until the World War brought chaos to most of their institutions, their whole lives were regulated; perhaps more than those of any other people save the Spaniards, by a regard for precedent.
在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)給他們的大部分風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣帶來(lái)變化之前，他們的所有生活，除了西班牙人之外，或許比其它民族都更受到先例的制約。
分析：save可以用作動(dòng)詞，但是如果作為動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)的話，它的主語(yǔ)又是什幺呢？perhaps more than those of any other people和perhaps more than thirty people是兩種不同的結(jié)構(gòu)，后者是名詞短語(yǔ)，可以作主語(yǔ)；但是前者只是一個(gè)形容詞短語(yǔ)，不能做主語(yǔ)。其次，如果by a regard for precedent是save的狀語(yǔ)的話，前面也沒(méi)有必要用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。實(shí)際上，這個(gè)by a regard for precedent是和were regulated組成的一個(gè)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：were regulated by…。這樣，save這一部分就不是一個(gè)句子，只是一個(gè)修飾成分。事實(shí)上，save是個(gè)介詞，作“除了”解，相當(dāng)于but，或是except。
63．It is the two superpowers that should be responsible for the hostilities in the Middle East．應(yīng)對(duì)中東戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)（×敵對(duì)狀態(tài)）負(fù)責(zé)的是兩個(gè)超級(jí)大國(guó)。
有一些名詞，特別是抽象名詞的單數(shù)變成復(fù)數(shù)后，意義是不一樣的。“hostility�箚螖�(shù)作“enmity�梗�“ill will��“敵意”“敵視”解，但“hostilities�箯�(fù)數(shù)作“war��“戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)”解。
64. ）．．．he let the line slip down，down，down，unrolling off the first of the two reserve coils．……他就松手讓釣絲滑下去，下去，下去，把兩卷備用的（×多余的）釣絲也松開(kāi)了一卷。
reserve有“預(yù)備著的”，“多余的”意思，這里應(yīng)是“備用”之意。

 

譯路通武漢漢口翻譯公司整理

2012.7.21