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As my own studies have advanced，I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem，at first glance，to constitute such an immense gulf between them. （5）
隨著我的研究不斷深入，我對昆蟲和脊椎動物群落之間的功能類似性印象愈來愈深刻，而對結(jié)構上的差異印象愈發(fā)淡漠，雖然這些結(jié)構上的差異初看上去似乎構成了二者間一條無法愈越的鴻溝。 -
Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological，and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.（4）
雖然小說無疑起源于政治情狀，但其作者則是以非意識形態(tài)的方式對這些政治情狀作出反應的，而將小說和故事主要地當作意識形態(tài)的工具來探討，會在相當程度上阻礙小說事業(yè)。 -
Is this a defect，or are the authors working out of，or trying to forge，a different kind of aesthetic？ （3）
這究竟是一種缺陷呢，還是這些作者想要按照一種與眾不同的美學體系進行創(chuàng)作，抑或是在試圖創(chuàng)立一種與眾不同的美學體系？ - In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism ; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted , a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression ? （5）
不僅如此，有些黑人小說（比如JT的甘蔗）的風格接近與表現(xiàn)主義和超現(xiàn)實主義；這種技巧是否為流行的主題提供了一個和諧的對應呢？這種主題刻畫了黑人注意與之相抗爭的命運，這是一個通常用更為自然主義的表現(xiàn)手法所表達的主題。
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Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels，bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex- Colored Man. （4）注意：bring A to B ——〉bring to B A
《黑人小說》考察了極為廣泛的一系列小說，在此過程中讓我們注意到了某些引人入勝但卻鮮為人知的作品，如詹姆斯。韋爾登。約翰遜（James Weldon Johnson）的《一個曾經(jīng)是有色人的自傳》（Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man）。 -
Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths， where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated，to pass through，they absorb some of the longer-wavelength， infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface，radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. (4)
雖然這些分子允許可見波長（visible wavelength）的輻射——陽光的絕大部分能量就匯集于此——不受阻擋地穿透，但它們卻會吸收某些較長波長（longer-wavelength），亦即從地球表面輻射出的紅外發(fā)射（infrared emission），這種輻射若不是二氧化碳的緣故就會被重新輸送回太空。 -
The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints—ways of feeling，thinking，and acting that "come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture. （4）
這些人類學家所歸諸于生物進化的作用，不是規(guī)定人類行為的種種細節(jié)，而是將各種限制強加于人類——即在任何文化的典型情景中都會“自然表露”的情感、思維、以及行動方式。 - Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the “details” versus “constraints” distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior? （5）
以下哪一個選項最有可能為文章中所談到的與人類行為有關的“人類行為細節(jié)”相對“人類所受限制”之間的差異，從人類形態(tài)的角度上提供了一個合適的類比？
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A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested，but did not prove， that the grazers had removed most of the algae. （3+）
在存在大量食草動物的同時卻只有少量的水藻花粉囊，這暗示出——但沒能證明——食草動物已吞噬了大部分水藻。 - Perhaps the fact many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on , led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research. （5）
可能這樣一個事實，那就是很多這樣的最初的研究只是考慮了那些能夠用網(wǎng)撈起來的大小的水藻，這樣一個忽視了更小的浮游生物（而這些浮游生物我們現(xiàn)在知道是捕食者主要的食物）的做法，導致了在接下來的研究中對于捕食者的作用的貶低。
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Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers. （5）
由哈格雷夫（Hargrave）和吉恩（Geen）所進行的研究，對自然條件下的群落捕食速率進行了估計，其手段是通過測量出實驗室內(nèi)單獨的浮游動物種類的捕食速率，然后利用已知的食草動物種群密度，計算出實地狀況下的群落捕食速率。 -
In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the summer， Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates，for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production. （3+）
在浮游動物數(shù)量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼記錄了最大程度上的每日群落食草比率，對于營養(yǎng)物不充足的湖和沼澤湖而言，分別為每日浮游植物繁殖量的6.6%和114%. -
The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. （4）
水文循環(huán)（hydrologic cycle），作為該學科中的一個主要課題，指的是水所經(jīng)過的諸現(xiàn)象的整個循環(huán)過程，開始時是作為大氣中的水蒸氣，轉(zhuǎn)而作為雨、雪、露、雹一類的降水量經(jīng)過液體和固體形態(tài)，由此而沿著地層表面分布或進入地層表面，最終通過蒸發(fā)和散發(fā)作用再度回復到大氣水蒸氣的形態(tài)。 - Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.（4）
只有當一個系統(tǒng)擁有自然的或人工形成的邊界來把邊界中的水與水文循環(huán)聯(lián)系起來的時候，才有可能把整個的系統(tǒng)恰當?shù)某蔀榕c水文地質(zhì)學有關。
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The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier——that is，the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system. （4）
史學家弗雷德里克.杰.特納（Frederick J.Turner）于十九世紀九十年代著述道，美國約自18世紀70年代以來一直在持續(xù)不斷發(fā)展的農(nóng)民不滿，由于國內(nèi)邊遠地區(qū)（internal frontier）的封閉而更趨加劇——亦即是說，美國農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)進一步擴展所必需的可資利用的新土地幾近耗竭。 -
In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） began， for the first time in large numbers，to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. （4）
二十世紀五十年代早期，研究前工業(yè)化時代歐洲（此處我們可將其界定為約自1300年至1800年這一時期的歐洲）的史學家，首次以眾多的人數(shù)（楊鵬的書中：第一次以大量的數(shù)據(jù)），開始調(diào)查前工業(yè)化時代歐洲人口中的大多數(shù)，而非那些構成了政治與社會精英階層的百分之二或三的人口，即國王、將軍、法官、貴族、主教、以及地方上的達官顯貴，而正是這部分人一直到那時為止普遍充斥于史學著作。 -
Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories， which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups （these attitudes include，but are not confined to，attitudes toward crime and the law）and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. （3+）
象勒羅伊。拉迪里（Le Roy Ladurie）一類的史學家利用這些文獻史料從中挖掘出某些個案史（case history）來，闡明了不同社會群體的態(tài)度（這些態(tài)度包括，但并非局限于，對犯罪和法律的態(tài)度），并揭示出當局是如何執(zhí)行審判的。 - It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following? （5）
從文章中可以推斷出來，一個希望比較十五世紀以前一個十年的某個歐洲城市中的每千人的犯罪率與另外一個十年中的犯罪率的歷史學家將會被以下那種信息的提高所最好的幫助？
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My point is that its central consciousness—its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives—owes much to that earlier literary heritage，a heritage that，in general，has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary critics. （4）
我的論點是，其作品的中心意識——它將階級和性別作為人們生活的決定性影響而作出的深邃理解——在很大程度上借鑒了那個早期的文學遺產(chǎn)，而這一遺產(chǎn)就總體而言還尚未獲得大多數(shù)當代文學評論家的足夠重視。 - Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.（5）
即使是這樣的要求，即從這些材料中加工出來的生物材料應該對受移植者的組織無害，也能夠通過從研究組織培養(yǎng)對生物材料的反應而來的，或從研究短期移植而來的技術來滿足。
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But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. （4）
但是，要想沿著原生和非原生物質(zhì)之間的界面獲取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某種知識，即什么樣的分子控制著細胞彼此間的結(jié)合——而對這一領域，我們尚未進行充分的探索。 -
Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law—notwithstanding，of course，a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned—that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. （5）
伊斯蘭法是一種如此不同于所有其它法律形式的現(xiàn)象——毋庸置疑，盡管就其主要內(nèi)容和有積極意義的法規(guī)而言，與其它法律形式中的這種或那種形式存在著相當數(shù)量的且不可避免的巧合相似之處——以致于對它進行研究便顯得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律現(xiàn)象的全部范圍。 -
（Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform than Islamic law.）Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora （the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel）， the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Testament is very close to that of the Talmud， one of the primary codifications of Jewish law in the Diaspora. （5）
盡管從歷史角度來看，在古代以色列作為獨立主權國家的猶太教法與大流散時期（Diaspora，即以色列被征服后古代猶太人被巴比倫人逐出故土）的猶太教法之間存在著一個明晰可辨的斷裂，然則，《舊約全書》（Old Testament）后半部分中法律內(nèi)容的精神與《猶太教法典》（Talmud）極為一脈相承，而所謂的《猶太教法典》，是指大流散時期猶太教法的主要典籍輯錄之一。 -
Islam，on the other hand，represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it；Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle，(examination)of legal subject matter that was far from uniform，comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. （4）
另一方面，伊斯蘭教則代表著與此前存在的阿拉伯異教（Arab paganism）的一種根本上的決裂；伊斯蘭法是從宗教的角度，對各種雜亂無章、絕無共同點的法律內(nèi)容進行考察所致的結(jié)果，而這些法律內(nèi)容實際上是由前伊斯蘭阿拉伯國家（Pre-Islamic Arabia）法律的不盡相同的組成部分以及由從被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鑒過來的無數(shù)法律因素所構成。 (as it did )實際上是一句插入語。 -
One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution：specifically，the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes，if they can be identified and isolated，that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence，(there is ) the intensified research on legumes. （5），此句最好能夠熟讀，更好的是背誦下來。（復雜修飾+插入+省略+倒裝）
這其中的一個新穎思想就是，在植物的染色體（chromosome）內(nèi)注入并非是該植物自然構造一個部分的那些不相關聯(lián)的因基：具體而言，這一思想是，在非豆科植物內(nèi)注入這樣一些基因，倘若這些基因可被辨識出來并被分離開來，而這些基因業(yè)已使豆科植物宜于充當那些具備固氮作用的細菌的寄主。由此，對豆科植物的研究日趨深入。 - It is one of nature’s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.（3+）下述情形真可謂是自然界的一個莫大諷刺：土壤中所能獲得的氮肥量往往對植物的生長構成了一個上限，雖然植物的葉子被沐浴在一片氮氣的海洋中。
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Unless they succeed，the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated，and even if the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible. （4）
除非他們能取得成功，不然的話，綠色革命的產(chǎn)量收益將在很大程度上損失殆盡，即使豆科植物中使這些植物有條件進入到與固氮細菌共生關系的基因可被辨識出來和分離開來的話，且即使這些基因綜合體（gene complex），一旦被發(fā)現(xiàn)之后，其移植得以成為可能的話。 -
Its subject（to use Maynard Mack’s categories）is "life-as-spectacle，" for readers， diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without；the tragic Iliad，however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. （5）
其主題〔若借鑒梅納德。邁克（Maynard Mack）的兩個分類范疇的話〕是“人生作為外部景象”，因為讀者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散，主要是從外部來觀察其主人公奧德修斯（Odyssus）的；然而，富于悲劇色彩的《伊利亞特》所表現(xiàn)的則是“人生作為內(nèi)心體驗”：讀者被要求與阿基琉斯（Achilles）的心靈產(chǎn)生共鳴，而其行為動機卻致使他變作一個并非特別惹人喜愛的主人公。 （從分號后的語句推理出前面的意思）
注：hero:主人公；without:外部；likable:有吸引力的 -
Most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head. （3+）
在一條成年比目魚身上顯著存在的諸多不對稱（asymmetry）特征中，最為吸人注目的是眼睛的擺位：在成年之前，一只眼睛發(fā)生移動，因此在成年比目魚身上，兩只眼睛均位于頭部的同一側(cè)面。 - A critique of Handlin’s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded .（4）
一個對于H的關于為何法律上的奴隸制沒有在17世紀60年代以前出現(xiàn)的原因所作解釋的批評顯示，關于奴隸制和種族偏見之間的關系的假說應當重新檢查，而且顯示出，對于在北美和南美之間的對黑怒的不同處理的解釋應當被擴展。
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The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle. （5 -）
對于地幔分層論點來說，最好的證據(jù)乃這樣一個確認的事實，即在那些海洋島嶼——這些島嶼據(jù)信是源于由下層地幔升上來的地幔柱狀溶巖流（mantle plume）——上發(fā)現(xiàn)的火山巖石，是由與海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)根本不同的物質(zhì)構成的，而這一海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的成因，大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學家論辯道，為上部地幔。 -
Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" （elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state）percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. （4+）
但是，某些地質(zhì)學家，以對地幔捕虜巖體（xenolith）所作的觀察為依據(jù)，指出地幔并非是分層排列的，相反，地幔的異質(zhì)性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流質(zhì)構成的，這些成分趨向于流體而非固體的狀態(tài)，自下而上滲透擴散，并依照這些流質(zhì)流向的任意性，不規(guī)則地將上部地幔的某些部分予以改變。 - Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve’s blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel. （5 -）
F認為，P在1908年試圖開始寫一部小說，又為了寫一部批判S-B的 偉大作品的真正本質(zhì)的視而不見的長篇的證明而放棄了這部小說，其后又發(fā)現(xiàn)這一論文又勾起了其個人記憶及小說情節(jié)的萌生，使得后者取而代之形成了一部穩(wěn)定展開的小說。
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The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. （5）
各種有意義的聯(lián)系在所有的層次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的夢幻般的情感，層出不窮并不斷重新組合排列；正是這些有意義的聯(lián)系的豐富性和復雜性，致使普魯斯特難于將它們錯落有致地安排好。 - But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed. (4)
但是我們當中的那些希望（也算上K本人）K新出版的P1909年書信的全集能夠更加詳細的記錄下這一過程的人都大失所望。
- Now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it , passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to , finally ，a conquered people – a charter minority on our own land. （5 -）
現(xiàn)在我們必須也按照我們墨西哥裔的美國人的經(jīng)歷來審視這個文化，我們的經(jīng)歷是從一個主權的民族變成了新來的定居者的同胞，在最終淪落成為一個被征服的民族——在我們自己的土地上的契約的少數(shù)民族。
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It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s （cDNA’s）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s （mRNA’s）of the peptide hormones. If brain cells are making the hormones，the cells will contain these Mrna’S. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them，then the cDNA’s should still bind to these mRNA’s，but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones. （4）
科學家可以制造出特異的（specific）互補DNA’s（cDNA’s），以此作為分子探子（molecular probe），探覓出肽激素的信使RNA’s（mRNA’s）。如果大腦正在制造著肽激素，則細胞就會含有這些信使RNA’s.假若細胞所制造的產(chǎn)品類似于肽激素但并非與這些肽激素全然相同，那么，互補cDNA’s應仍然和這些信使mDNA’s粘結(jié)的程度。含有這些mRNA’s的腦細胞然后就可以被分離開來，研究者可對其信使RNA’s進行解碼，以確定它們的蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品究竟是什么，并確定這些蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)品在何種程度上類似于真正的肽激素。 -
The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them. （4）
采用cDNA探子來測定肽激素的這一分子生物學方法同時也應該比免疫學的方法速度來得快，因為對于免疫的方法來說，需耗費好幾年枯燥的提純進程，方能將肽素分離了出來，然后再培養(yǎng)出針對它們的抗血清。 - Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.（3+）
然而，研究P時代的研究者發(fā)展除了各種各樣的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系統(tǒng)，用來顯示如果由他們來決定地質(zhì)事件的話他們將會如何安排冰川紀。
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This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods，rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits. （4）
這一序列演替（succession）所依據(jù)的，主要是一系列與冰川期和間冰期并不直接相關的地質(zhì)沉積物和地質(zhì)事件，而不是依據(jù)更為普遍的現(xiàn)代方法，去研究間冰層（interglacial bed）中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的生物殘留物，而這些間冰層本身又在冰川沉積物發(fā)生間層化（interstatified）。 -
There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need，or between those already satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.（5）
人們試圖對這些禁忌作出解釋，所依據(jù)的要么是那些正置身于某一身體需要滿足的人與那些并置身于某一身體需要之滿足的人之間的，要么是那些早已酒足飯飽的人與那些正在不知羞恥地狼吞虎咽失之間的不相稱的社會關系。 -
Many critics of Family Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on，if it does not reverse，the first part，where a "romantic" reading receives more confirmation. （5）
研究艾米麗。勃朗特（Emily Bronte）小說《呼嘯山莊》（Wuthering Heights）的許多文學評論家，將小說的第二部分視作一種對比物，即使沒有將第一部分予以逆轉(zhuǎn)的話，也是在對第一部分作出一種詮釋評判，而在小說第一部分中，一種“浪漫的”的讀解能獲得更為充分的確證。 -
Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James， their presence does（15） encourage attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous parts. （4+）
誠然，這些因素的存在并不能證明作者對小說架構的意識可與亨利。詹姆斯（Henry James）的那種意識相比擬；然則，任何力圖將小說所有形形色色的因素統(tǒng)一起來的做法，在某種程度上注定是無法令人信服的。 Granted that:大家都統(tǒng)一、當然，表讓步，=admitted , of course. -
This is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis（although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger），but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that，ultimately，resist inclusion in an all-encompassing interpretation. (5)
這倒不是因為這樣的一種解釋必定會僵化成為一個命題（盡管對這部或任何一部小說的解釋中，僵化死板總是一種危險），而是因為《呼嘯山莊》擁有一些極難駕御的因素，以其無可辯駁的力度，最終拒絕被囿于一個囊括無遺的解釋中。 -
The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another，with variations exceeding the measurement error；and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform is topic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source. (4)
鉛的同位素構成經(jīng)常在一種普通銅礦石來源與另一種銅礦石來源之間存在差異，其差異程度超出測量誤差；而最初的研究表明，對于來自單獨一個銅礦石來源的鉛來說，其同位素構成幾乎是毫無二致的。 -
More probable is bird transport，either externally，by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers，or internally，by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds. （3+）
更有可能的是鳥類運輸：或者是通過外部途徑，即由于種籽偶然粘附在羽毛上；或者是通過內(nèi)部方式，即由于鳥類吞食果子并隨后將種籽排泄出來。 - A long-held view of the history of English colonies that became the United States has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy , dominated by expansionist militarist objectives , generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution . （4+）
一個對于后來成了美國的英國殖民地的歷史的長久以來的觀點，認為英國在1763年以前對于這些殖民地的政策被經(jīng)濟利益所支配，而且認為一種向著更大程度帝國制度的政策上的轉(zhuǎn)變——為擴張主義的軍事目標所左右——產(chǎn)生了最終導致美國革命的緊張氣氛。
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It is not known how rare this resemblance is，or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet，whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond； but when present，the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. （4）
現(xiàn)在尚不知這種類似稀少到何種地步，也不知道是否它最常見于象石榴石一類的硅酸鹽內(nèi)含物中，而這類物質(zhì)的晶體結(jié)構普遍地在某種程度上類似于金剛石的晶體結(jié)構。但一旦存在，這種類似就被視作極有說服力的證據(jù)，證明金剛石與內(nèi)含物確是同源的。 -
Even the "radical" critiques of this mainstream research model，such as the critique developed in Divided Society，attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority. （4+）
即使是對這一主流研究模型的“激進”批評，諸如《分裂的社會》（Divided Society）一書中所提出的那種批判，亦將少數(shù)民族同化問題過分機構地與經(jīng)濟和社會移動性的因素聯(lián)系起來，因此無從闡明波多黎各人作為一個殖民地少數(shù)民族的文化從屬關系。 -
They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles，whose lifetimes are not constrained in the same way，and which can be detected. （3）
它們被稱為“虛粒子”（virtual particle），以便與實粒子（real particle）區(qū)分開來，而實粒子則不會以這種方式受到制約，并且其存在可得以測定。 - Open acknowledgement of the existence of women’s oppression was too radical for the United Stated in the fifties, and Beauvoir’s conclusion , that change in women’s economic condition , though insufficient by itself , “remains the basic factor ” in improving women’s situation , was particularly unacceptable . （4+）
公開對婦女壓迫的存在的承認對于50年代的美國而言有些過分激進，而且B的結(jié)論，即婦女經(jīng)濟狀況的變化，經(jīng)管它本身不是一個充分的因素，但是“仍然是提高婦女地位的根本因素”的觀點，尤其無法令人接受。
譯路通武漢漢口翻譯公司整理
2012.6.29